(C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“To investigate whether attentional capture by salient visual stimuli is mediated by current task sets, we measured the N2pc component as a marker of the spatial locus of visual attention during visual search. In each trial, a singleton

stimulus that could either be a target (color GSK690693 task: red circle; shape task: green diamond) or a nontarget (blue circle or green square) was presented among uniform distractors (green circles). As predicted by the view that attentional capture is contingent on task set, the N2pc was strongly affected by task instructions. It was maximal for targets, attenuated but still reliably present for nontarget singletons defined in the target dimension (even when these were accompanied by an irrelevant-dimension singleton), and small or absent for equally salient irrelevant-dimension singletons. Results demonstrate that attentional capture is not 5-Fluoracil research buy a purely bottom-up phenomenon, but is strongly determined by top-down task set.”
“Stressful events activate the

amygdala and a network of associated brain regions. Studies in both humans and rodents indicate that noradrenaline has a prominent role in this activation. Noradrenaline induces a hypervigilant state that helps to remember the event. This mnemonic effect is enhanced when the situation is so stressful that substantial amounts of corticosteroids are released and reach the amygdala. The combination of the two hormones leads to optimal strengthening of contacts and thus memory. Yet, rises in corticosteroid levels that are not precisely synchronized with noradrenaline release do not act synergistically but rather prevent or suppress the effect of noradrenaline. This dynamic interaction illustrates the adaptive and potentially protective capacity of corticosteroids regarding traumatic memories.”
“Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of differentiated cells within the host and establishment of latency likely

requires evasion of innate immunity and limits secretion of antiviral cytokines. Here we report that its immediate-early protein ORF61 antagonizes the beta interferon (IFN-beta) pathway. VZV infection down-modulated the Sendai virus (SeV)-activated IFN-beta pathway, including mRNA of IFN-beta Rho and its downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), ISG54 and ISG56. Through a primary screening of VZV genes, we found that ORF61 inhibited SeV-mediated activation of IFN-beta and ISRE (IFN-stimulated response element) promoter activities but only slightly affected NF-kappa B promoter activity, implying that the IFN-beta pathway may be blocked in the IRF3 branch. An indirect immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that ectopic expression of ORF61 abrogated the detection of IRF3 in SeV-infected cells; however, it did not affect endogenous dormant IRF3 in noninfected cells.

A tail strength statistic (Taylor and Tibshirani, 2006) and Fisher’s probability method are

useful and can be applied to measure an overall significance for a large set of independent single hypothesis tests with the overall null hypothesis assuming that all single hypotheses are true. In this paper we propose a new method that improves the tail strength statistic by considering only the BIBW2992 manufacturer values whose corresponding p-values are less than some pre-specified cutoff. We call it truncated tail strength statistic. We illustrate our method using a simulation study and two genome-wide datasets by chromosome. Our method not only controls type one error rate quite well, but also has significantly higher power than the tail strength method and Fisher’s

method in most cases. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“In the last two decades, we have focused on establishing a reliable technique for DNA Damage inhibitor focal stimulation of vestibular receptors to evaluate neural connectivity. Here, we summarize the vestibular-related neuronal circuits for the vestibulo-ocular reflex, vestibulocollic reflex, and vestibulospinal reflex arcs. The focal stimulating technique also uncovered some hidden neural mechanisms. In the otolith system, we identified two hidden neural mechanisms that enhance otolith receptor sensitivity. The first is commissural inhibition, which boosts sensitivity by incorporating inputs from bilateral otolith receptors, the existence of which was in contradiction to the classical understanding of the otolith system but was observed in the utricular system. The second mechanism, cross-striolar inhibition, intensifies the sensitivity of inputs from both sides Adenosine triphosphate of receptive cells across the striola in a

single otolith sensor. This was an entirely novel finding and is typically observed in the saccular system. We discuss the possible functional meaning of commissural and cross-striolar inhibition. Finally, our focal stimulating technique was applied to elucidate the different constructions of axonal projections from each vestibular receptor to the spinal cord. We also discuss the possible function of the unique neural connectivity observed in each vestibular receptor system. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Some self-reactive immature T cells escape negative selection in the thymus and may cause autoimmune diseases later. In the periphery, if T cells are stimulated insufficiently by peptide-major histocompatibility complex, they become inactive and their production of cytokines changes, a phenomenon called “”T cell anergy”". In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that T cell anergy may function to reduce the risk of autoimmunity.

Compared to casino-only gamblers, individuals who gambled in both locations reported less drug use, poorer subjective health, earlier age MCC950 mouse of gambling onset, greater frequency of gambling, and larger wins and losses. Compared to casino-only or non-casino-only gambling, gambling in both locations was associated with more frequent and heavier gambling. Findings suggest aspects of recreational gambling, such as gambling venue, may have important public health implications and should be considered in

guidelines for responsible gambling. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“The objective of this study was to compare the extraction efficiency of commercial DNA kits by evaluating the quantity and purity of DNA extracts obtained from paddy soils. DNA was extracted from three paddy

soils using the FastDNA (R) SPIN kit for soil (FD), the innuSPEED soil DNA kit (INS) and the NucleoSpin (R) soil kit (NSP). DNA extracts were analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectroscopy. Polymerase chain reactiondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses were conducted to evaluate the potential bias of the DNA extractions on fingerprinting techniques. Regarding the quantity and the purity of the extracted DNA, the NSP kit was detected superior to the FD kit, while the INS kit failed to extract detectable amounts of DNA. DGGE fingerprints generated from PCR products (FD, NSP) showed high levels of similarity for the amplified 16S Aldehyde dehydrogenase rRNA genes of methanogenic archaea (>95%) and bacteria Selleck Temsirolimus (up to 100%) in each soil. This study suggested that the recently introduced NSP kit allowed for the adjustment of the lysis buffer composition to the soil of interest and is at least equivalent to the well-established FD kit for the extraction of DNA from paddy soils. Significance and Impact of the Study

The choice of commercial kits (FD, INS, NSP) has been of great importance regarding the quantity and purity of DNA extracted from paddy soils in this study. The composition of the cell lysis buffer represented a key component for successful extractions of DNA from different soils. The possibility of adjusting the lysis buffer to the soil of interest as well as the reproducibility of DGGE banding patterns makes the recently introduced NSP kit a strong competitor to the well-established FD kit for the extraction of DNA from paddy soils.”
“Genetic and environmental architecture of psychotic and obsessive symptoms are not completely elucidated. This study estimated for these symptoms (i) the genetic and environmental components, (ii) the within-individual association, and (iii) the extent to which this association originates from common genetic and environmental factors. Young adult twins (N=701) from the population-based Italian Twin Register were assessed for psychotic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms by using the Symptom Check List (SCL-90).

These results illustrate a multifaceted effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the biochemical basis of Alzheimer’s disease, through effects on APP processing, Abeta levels and factors that affect its clearance and aggregation. Overall, these results support the need for further long-term longitudinal studies to elucidate consequences of menopause as well as hormone therapy on Alzheimer’s disease, and explore its potential as a therapeutic avenue for the disease. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms play important roles in many neural processes, including synaptic plasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. Although atypical PKCs are expressed throughout the brain, there are no reports concerning their expression in central neural regions associated with respiratory motor control.

Therefore, Bafilomycin A1 mouse we explored the neuroanatomical distribution of atypical PKCs in identified phrenic motor neurons, a motor pool that plays a key role in breathing. Diaphragm injections of cholera toxin B were used to retrogradely label and identify phrenic motor neurons; immunohistochemistry was used to localize atypical PKCs in and near labeled motor neurons (i.e. the phrenic motor nucleus). Atypical PKC expression in the phrenic motor nucleus appears specific to neurons; aPKC expression could not LY2109761 cell line be detected in adjacent astrocytes or microglia. Strong atypical PKC labeling was observed within cholera toxin B labeled phrenic motor neurons. Documenting the expression of atypical PKCs in phrenic motor neurons provides

a framework within which to assess their role in respiratory motor control, including novel forms of respiratory plasticity known to occur in this region. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.”
“Amyloid beta fragment 25-35 (A beta(25-35)) is the neurotoxic domain of the full-length A beta(1-42) and causes memory impairments in rodents. Recent research suggests that agmatine, decarboxylated arginine, has a neuroprotective role. This study investigated the effects of a single bilateral i.c.v. infusion of aggregated Cyclooxygenase (COX) A beta(25-35) (30 nmol) in a battery of behavioural tests conducted during the period 4-6 (Experiment 1) and 4-14 (Experiment 2) weeks post-A beta(25-35) infusion, and evaluated the protective effect of agmatine (40 mg/kg) administered i.p. 30 min prior to A beta(25-35) infusion and once daily for a further nine consecutive days. In Experiment 1, A beta(25-35) rats with saline treatment were not impaired in the elevated plus maze and open field and mildly impaired in the reference memory version of the water maze task, but performed poorly in the working memory version of the water maze task and the object recognition memory task, relative to the control rats that received the i.c.v.

CD4 binding shifts V1/V2 to unmask the coreceptor binding site and triggers profound Quisinostat purchase dynamic changes in gp120 spanning from the binding site to the gp41-interactive face of gp120. These findings provide further insights on the structural basis of Env antigenicity and immunogenicity and of allosteric effects upon receptor binding.”
“Xanthurenic acid (XA), an endogenous kynurenine, is a known

vesicular glutamate transport (VGLUT) inhibitor and has also been proposed as an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist. Changes in these systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders; however, little is known of how XA affects synaptic transmission. We therefore investigated the effects of XA on synaptic transmission at two hippocampal glutamatergic pathways and evaluated the ability of XA to bind to mGlu2/3 receptors. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded from either the dentate gyrus (DG) or CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices

in vitro. Addition of XA to the bathing medium (1-10 mM) resulted in a dose-related reduction of fEPSP amplitudes (up to 52% reduction) in both hippocampal regions. In the DG, the VGLUT inhibitors Congo Red and Rose Bengal, and the mGlu2/3 agonist LY354740, also reduced fEPSPs (up to 80% reduction). The mGlu2/3 antagonist LY341495 reversed the LY354740 effect, but not the XA effect. LY354740, but not XA, also reduced DG paired-pulse depression. XA had no effect on specific binding of 1 nM [H-3] LY341495 to membranes with human mGlu2 receptors. We conclude that XA can modulate synaptic Sorafenib transmission via a mechanism that may involve VGLUT inhibition rather than activation of mGlu2/3 receptors. This could be important in the pathophysiology

of nervous system disorders including schizophrenia and might represent a target for developing novel pharmacological therapies. Neuropsychopharmacology (2013) 38, 1060-1067; doi:10.1038/npp.2013.4; published online 30 January 2013″
“Hantaviruses primarily infect endothelial cells (ECs) and nonlytically cause vascular changes that result in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Acute pulmonary Fluorometholone Acetate edema during HPS may be caused by capillary leakage and failure of lymphatic vessels to clear fluids. Uniquely regulated lymphatic ECs (LECs) control fluid clearance, although roles for lymphatics in hantavirus disease remain undetermined. Here we report that hantaviruses productively infect LECs and that LEC infection by HPS causing Andes virus (ANDY) and HFRS causing Hantaan virus (HTNV) are inhibited by alpha(v)beta(3) integrin antibodies. Although alpha(v)beta(3) integrins regulate permeabilizing responses directed by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), we found that only ANDV-infected LECs were hyperpermeabilized by the addition of VEGF-A.

Lithium treatment also prevented the robust upregulation of b cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) mRNA that is observed in a subpopulation of deafferented NM neurons 6 h following cochlea removal. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A topic of high current interest and controversy is the basis of the homeostatic sleep response, the increase in non-rapid-eye-movement

(NREM) sleep and NREM-delta activity following sleep deprivation (SD). Adenosine, which accumulates in the cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) during SD, has been proposed as one of the important homeostatic sleep factors. It is suggested AG-014699 molecular weight that sleep-inducing effects of adenosine are mediated by inhibiting the wake-active neurons of the BF, including cholinergic neurons. Here we examined the association between SD-induced BIBF 1120 nmr adenosine release, the homeostatic sleep response and the survival of cholinergic neurons in the BF after injections of the immunotoxin 192 immunoglobulin G (IgG)-saporin

(saporin) in rats. We correlated SD-induced adenosine level in the BF and the homeostatic sleep response with the cholinergic cell loss 2 weeks after local saporin injections into the BF, as well as 2 and 3 weeks after i.c.v. saporin injections.

Two weeks after local saporin injection there was an 88% cholinergic cell loss, coupled with nearly complete abolition of the SD-induced adenosine increase in the BF, the homeostatic sleep response, and the sleep-inducing effects of BF adenosine infusion.

Two weeks after i.c.v. saporin injection there was a 59% cholinergic cell loss, correlated with significant increase in SD-induced adenosine level in the BF and an intact sleep response. Three weeks after i.c.v. saporin injection there

was 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate Delta-isomerase an 87% cholinergic cell loss, nearly complete abolition of the SD-induced adenosine increase in the BF and the homeostatic response, implying that the time course of i.c.v. saporin lesions is a key variable in interpreting experimental results.

Taken together, these results strongly suggest that cholinergic neurons in the BF are important for the SD-induced increase in adenosine as well as for its sleep-inducing effects and play a major, although not exclusive, role in sleep homeostasis. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The pre-mRNA processing strategy of the B19 virus is unique among parvoviruses. B19 virus-generated pre-mRNAs are transcribed from a single promoter and are extensively processed by alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation to generate 12 transcripts. Blockage of the production of full-length B19 virus transcripts at the internal polyadenylation site [(pA)p] was previously reported to be a limiting step in B19 virus permissiveness. We show here that in the absence of genome replication, internal polyadenylation of B19 virus RNAs at (pA) p is favored in cells which are both permissive and nonpermissive for B19 viral replication.

The purpose of this study is to assess outcomes of patients with

congenital complete heart block who were paced in the first 24 hours after birth owing to the presence of known risk factors.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with congenital complete heart block paced in the first 24 hours after birth at our institution between November 1, 1995, and July 31, 2007.

Results: Thirteen patients selleck kinase inhibitor were identified, 4 of whom had heterotaxy syndrome. Eleven patients had temporary epicardial pacing wires placed; 2 received permanent pacemakers as the initial mode of pacing. There were 7 deaths (54% mortality) at a mean age of 19.9 +/- 19 days. Among 7 patients with structural heart disease, there was 1 survivor.

Among 6 patients with structurally normal hearts, there were 5 survivors (P=.025). Patients with temporary wires who survived to permanent pacemaker implantation (6/ 11) used their temporary leads for 33.8 +/- 18.3 days.

Conclusions: In the severely affected fetus with congenital complete heart block and significant structural heart disease, outcomes remain poor; however, neonates with congenital complete heart block and structurally normal hearts who are monitored antenatally and delivered in a planned fashion at an institution capable of early pacing can have favorable outcomes. The use of temporary pacing wires is an option in the management of these patients.”
“Dysregulation in the dopaminergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). Dopamine D3 receptors this website (DRD3)

concentrated in limbic regions of the brain (important for cognitive, emotional and endocrine function) may be particularly relevant to SCZ. A recent meta-analysis with mixed ethnicities reported a marginal significant association between the Ser9Gly homozygosity in the first exon of the DRD3 gene and SCZ. To further evaluate the controversial association between this polymorphism and SCZ, a case-control study and meta-analysis was conducted using the homogeneous Japanese population. In our Japanese case-control sample (246 cases/198 controls), we found an association between the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism and SCZ (genotype: chi(2) = 9.76, d.f. = 2, p = 0.008; Ser allele versus Gly allele: chi(2) = 7.96, d.f. = 1, p = 0.0048; IMP dehydrogenase OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.48-0.88). However in a meta-analysis of nine Japanese case-control studies comprising 2056 subjects the association between DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism and SCZ did not persisted. The Mantel-Haenszel pooled OR for SCZ among carriers of the DRD3 Ser9Gly homozygosity (Ser/Ser homozygotes and Gly/Gly homozygotes) of the nine Japanese studies was 1.16 (95% CI 0.97-1.39), pointing to a non-significant effect of the DRD3 Ser9Gly homozygosity as a risk factor for SCZ. Overall, our results Suggest that the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism may not confer susceptibility to SCZ in the Japanese population.

This work hence gives new insights into the difficult question of assignment of repetitive structures and addresses the issue of loop boundaries definition. Although Saracatinib nmr SSAMs give very different local structure assignments capping sequence patterns remain efficiently stable.”
“Purpose: Most patients who need a bioengineered bladder wall have bladder cancer. A graft made with autologous urothelium would not be safe. To investigate the feasibility of providing bioengineered tissue for patients with partial cystectomy we evaluated the host and graft response after transplanting an epithelium-free graft.

Materials

and Methods: De-epithelialized bladder wall grafts from male rats were transplanted on syngeneic female rat bladders after partial cystectomy. Urothelial morphology, vessel density, inflammation, stromal thickness and uroplakin expression were evaluated 1, 3, 6 and 9 months after surgery. Cell gender was distinguished by fluorescent in situ hybridization using unique X and Y chromosome probes.

Results: There was no significant graft contraction at any time. Male graft urothelial morphology and uroplakin expression were Adriamycin order similar to those of controls at all time points. The donor bladder had decreased vessel density at early time points while the host had increased vascularity, which normalized in

each by 6 months. Graft inflammation and edema normalized by 9 months. There was no muscular hypertrophy.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed early ingrowth of host female urothelium and a small fraction of male urothelial Clomifene cells, which appeared between 1 and 3 months.

Conclusions: Within 9 months de-epithelialized grafts appeared histologically as normal bladder, surprisingly faster than an equivalent model with full-thickness grafts. The safety and function of an epithelium-free graft must be determined in a large animal model. These early data in a small animal model substantiate the feasibility and equivalency of using grafts without epithelium, which would allow application in patients with cancer.”
“Hippocampus volumetry is a useful surrogate marker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our purpose was to compare visual assessment of medial temporal lobe atrophy made by radiologists with automatic hippocampal volume and to compare their performances for the classification of AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitively normal (CN).

We studied 30 CN, 30 MCI and 30 AD subjects. Six radiologists with two levels of expertise performed two readings of medial temporal lobe atrophy. Medial temporal lobe atrophy was evaluated on coronal three-dimensional T1-weighted images using Scheltens scale and compared with hippocampal volume obtained using a fully automatic segmentation method (Spearman’s rank coefficient).

Results: Predicted total lung capacity ratio and actual total lung capacity ratio ranged widely, from 0.55 to 1.59 and 0.52 to 4.20, respectively. Overall survival was unaffected by predicted total lung capacity ratio (P = .3) or actual total lung capacity ratio

(P = .5). Patients with emphysema Flavopiridol order and an actual total lung capacity ratio of 0.67 or less or 1.03 or greater had higher predicted mortality (P = .01). During the first posttransplant year, forced expiratory volume in 1 second increased and then gradually declined. Predicted total lung capacity ratio and actual total lung capacity ratio had a small impact on forced expiratory volume in 1 second, primarily in the late phase after transplant in a disease-specific manner.

Conclusion: Size matching between donor

and recipient using predicted total lung capacity ratio and actual total lung capacity ratio Stattic supplier is an effective technique. Wide discrepancies in lung sizing do not affect overall posttransplant survival or pulmonary function. Therefore, a greater degree of lung size mismatch can likely be accepted, thereby improving patients’ odds of undergoing transplantation.”
“In experiments on urethane-anaesthetized rats, the effects of repetitive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on responses of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons to electrical stimulation of the basal nucleus of the amygdala were examined before and after intracerebroventricular administration of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindasole (7-NI). It was shown that the amygdala-evoked responses of cortical neurons were inhibited by repetitive VNS (pulses 50-150 mu A, 0.5 ms, frequency

10 Hz). 7-NI administration did not change the amygdala-evoked neuronal reactions but reversed the effect of VNS on them. The present results suggest that the inhibitory action of VNS on amygdala-mPFC neurotransmission may involve a cortical NO-dependent mechanism. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion injury continues to plague the field of lung transplantation, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. In acute lung injury, processes such as ventilator-induced injury, SB-3CT sepsis, or acute respiratory distress syndrome, extravascular fibrin has been shown to promote lung dysfunction and the acute inflammatory response. This study investigates the role of the fibrinolytic cascade in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and investigates the interplay between the fibrinolytic system and the inflammatory response.

Methods: Mice lacking the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene (PAI-1 knock out, PAI-1 KO; and thus increased lysis of endogenous fibrin) and wild-type mice underwent in situ left lung ischemia and reperfusion. Fibrin content in the lung was evaluated by immunoblotting.

The consecutive morphological changes in the cytoskeleton of the neuron, later stabilized by new receptors inserted in the post-synaptic membranes, make possible memory consolidation. Short and long-term, as well as persistence, of memory mechanisms are related to these molecular processes. Recent research

on system consolidation and memory allocation in neural circuits is also explained. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus ([NDV] also known as avian paramyxovirus type 1) can be discriminated from low-virulence strains selleck screening library by the presence of multiple basic amino acid residues at the proteolytic cleavage site of the fusion (F) protein. However, some NDV variants isolated from pigeons (pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 [PPMV-1]) have low levels of virulence, despite the fact that their F protein cleavage sites contain a multibasic amino

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/btsa1.html acid sequence and have the same functionality as that of virulent strains. To determine the molecular basis of this discrepancy, we examined the role of the internal proteins in NDV virulence. Using reverse genetics, the genes encoding the nucleoprotein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), and large polymerase protein (L) were exchanged between the nonvirulent PPMV-1 strain AV324 and the highly virulent NDV strain Herts. Recombinant viruses were evaluated for their pathogenicities and replication levels in day-old chickens, and viral genome replication and plaque sizes were examined in cell culture monolayers. We also tested the contributions of the individual NP, P, and L proteins to the activity of the viral replication complex in an in vitro replication assay. The results showed that the replication proteins of Herts are more active than those of AV324 and that the activity of the viral replication complex is directly related to virulence. Although the M protein affected viral replication in vitro, it had only a minor effect on virulence.”
“The globus pallidus, a neuronal nucleus involved in the control of motor behavior, expresses high levels of histamine H-3 receptors (H(3)Rs)

most likely located on the synaptic afferents to the nucleus. In this work we studied the effect of the activation Dynein of rat pallidal H(3)Rs on depolarization-evoked neurotransmitter release from slices, neuronal firing rate in vivo and turning behavior. Perfusion of globus pallidus slices with the selective H3R agonist immepip had no effect on the release of [H-3]-GABA ([H-3]-gamma-aminobutyric acid) or [H-3]-dopamine evoked by depolarization with high (20 mM) K+, but significantly reduced [H-3]-D-aspartate release (-44.8 +/- 2.6% and 63.7 +/- 6.2% at 30 and 100 nM, respectively). The effect of 30 nM immepip was blocked by 10 mu M of the selective H3R antagonist A-331440 (4′-[3-[(3(R)-dimethylamino-1-pyrrolidinyl]propoxy]-[1,1-biphenyl]-4′-carbonitrile). Intra-pallidal injection of immepip (0.