Statistics could not be generated at day 16 since there was only one sample in the C57BL/6 group. (DOC 330 KB) Additional file 2: Table S1. Genes significantly differentially expressed with a fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ -2 between DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice at any time point following infection with C. immitis (N=1334) were significantly over-represented in four KEGG pathways. Table S2. Genes significantly

differentially expressed with a fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ -2 between DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice at any time point following infection with C. immitis (N=1334) were significantly over-represented in a large number of gene ontology terms. (DOC 90 KB) References 1. Fisher MC, Koenig GL, White TJ, Taylor JW: Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis. Mycologia 2002, Selleckchem GDC941 94:73–84.PubMedCrossRef 2. Laniado-Laborin R: Expanding understanding of epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis in the Western LY3023414 mw hemisphere. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1111:19–34.PubMedCrossRef 3. Kirkland

TN, Fierer J: Coccidioidomycosis: a reemerging infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis 1996, 2:192–199.PubMedCrossRef 4. Valdivia L, Nix D, Wright M, Lindberg E, Fagan T, Lieberman D, Stoffer T, Ampel NM, Galgiani JN: Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12:958–962.PubMedCrossRef 5. Ampel NM, Dols CL, Galgiani JN: Coccidioidomycosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: results of a prospective study in a coccidioidal endemic area. Am J Med 1993, 94:235–240.PubMedCrossRef 6. Akt inhibitor Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, Villanueva I, Lisse Palmatine J, Gluck O, Tesser

J, Posever J, Miller M, Araujo J, et al.: Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:1959–1966.PubMedCrossRef 7. Pappagianis D: Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis. Curr Top Med Mycol 1988, 2:199–238.PubMedCrossRef 8. Gray GC, Fogle EF, Albright KL: Risk factors for primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis hospitalizations among United States Navy and Marine Corps personnel, 1981–1994. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998, 58:309–312.PubMed 9. Smith CE, Saito MT, Simons SA: Pattern of 39,500 serologic tests in coccidioidomycosis. J Am Med Assoc 1956, 160:546–552.PubMedCrossRef 10. Kirkland TN, Fierer J: Inbred mouse strains differ in resistance to lethal Coccidioides immitis infection. Infect Immun 1983, 40:912–916.PubMed 11. Fierer J, Walls L, Wright F, Kirkland TN: Genes influencing resistance to Coccidioides immitis and the interleukin-10 response map to chromosomes 4 and 6 in mice. Infect Immun 1999, 67:2916–2919.PubMed 12. Fierer J, Walls L, Eckmann L, Yamamoto T, Kirkland TN: Importance of interleukin-10 in genetic susceptibility of mice to Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun 1998, 66:4397–4402.PubMed 13. Moore KW, de Waal Malefyt R, Coffman RL, O’Garra A: Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor.

It has been reported previously that these animals show no clinical signs of disease and only minor histopathological changes with a few acid fast bacteria in tissues [4, 5]. Such infected predators and scavengers are probably ‘dead-end hosts’ and are not high risk factors for interspecies transmission. Information pertaining to strain types can assist in designing and evaluating disease control programmes. It is beneficial to know the predominant strain type in a population or the virulence of a particular strain type particularly for developing new vaccines. Singh et al. [49] recently reported the effectiveness and advantage of using a vaccine based

on a local ‘bison-type’ strain. Conclusion In conclusion, this survey has helped to expand our knowledge to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of paratuberculosis. It is hoped that the information provided will facilitate future surveys and CP673451 in vivo research strategies to resolve the outstanding epidemiological questions regarding this disease. The results of this study were in agreement with previous reports indicating that Map SBE-��-CD order isolates comprise Selleck LY411575 a relatively homogeneous population exhibiting little genetic diversity compared with other bacterial pathogens.

As a result it is necessary to use multiple genotyping techniques targeting different sources of genetic variation to obtain the level of discrimination necessary to investigate transmission dynamics and trace the source of infections. Identical genotypes were obtained from Map isolated from different host species co-habiting on the same Oxalosuccinic acid property strongly suggesting that interspecies transmission occurs. Interspecies transmission of Map between wildlife species and domestic livestock on the same farm provides further evidence to support a role for wildlife reservoirs of infection. However, in assessing the relative risk of transmission between wildlife and domestic livestock, distinction needs to be made between passive and active transmission as

well as the potential for contact. Methods Bacteria A total of 166 suspected Map isolates were obtained from the Czech Republic (n = 27), Finland (n = 5), Greece (n = 6), The Netherlands (n = 46), Norway (n = 7), Scotland (n = 54) and Spain (n = 21) (Table 1 and see supplementary dataset in Additional file 1). The isolates from livestock species were obtained from animals showing symptoms of paratuberculosis and from various clinical samples (see supplementary dataset in Additional file 1) that were submitted to the various laboratories for diagnosis. In the case of isolates from wildlife species, these were isolated from wildlife on properties with a known history or current problem with paratuberculosis and these animals did not necessarily show any clinical signs. The isolates were cultured from 19 different host species (supplementary dataset in Additional file 1 and Additional file 2: Table S3).

elegans strains and their survival. Number (cfu) of E. coli OP50 (Panel A) or S. typhimurium SL1344 (Panel C) within

the intestine of N2 (wild type), daf-2 and phm-2 single mutant, and daf-2;phm-2 double mutant C. elegans strains. Panel B) Survival of same strains when grown on lawns of E. coli OP50 or S. typhimurium SL1344 (Panel D). In lifespan analysis, the TD50 for phm-2 worms exposed to E. coli OP50 (8.7 ± 0.70 days) (Figure 7B), was significantly (p <0.001) shorter than for N2 worms (12.9 ± 0.51), and findings were parallel for Salmonella (Figure 7D), consistent with prior studies [24]. Thus, the grinder-deficient worms delivered more viable bacteria to the C. elegans intestine, and lifespan was reduced compared to N2 for worms grown on either E. coli or Salmonella lawns. The long-lived C. elegans daf-2 mutants are resistant to bacterial pathogens [22] and as shown above, have significantly Tipifarnib in vivo lower levels of bacterial colonization (Figure 2, Table 1); these worms have a significantly delayed decline in pharyngeal pumping [2]. Thus, daf-2 mutants could be more resistant

to bacterial colonization simply because their pharynx remains functional for an extended period of time, or alternatively, because their intestinal milieu is more antimicrobial. To address this question, we constructed daf-2;phm-2 double mutants. We found that young daf-2;phm-2 double mutants have significantly higher bacterial loads than the wild type and daf-2 single mutants, resembling the 17-AAG concentration phm-2 single mutants (Figure 7A); thus, early on, the phm-2 phenotype dominates. However, as the daf-2;phm-2 mutants age, they become increasingly capable of controlling bacterial colonization, with accumulation levels diminishing to the daf-2 level. Furthermore, their overall lifespan is very similar to the lifespan of daf-2 single mutants when exposed to E. coli (Figure 7B). Similar trends, although with a more intermediate phenotype, were NU7441 observed when the worms were exposed to Salmonella lawns (Figures 7C and 7D),

indicating that the daf-2 phenotypes ultimately become dominant. Thus, in the presence of enhanced Etoposide datasheet intestinal immunity, the number of delivered bacterial cells has no long-term effect on bacterial load or on longevity. To extend these observations, the profile of bacterial accumulation in the intestinal lumen after feeding E. coli OP50 expressing GFP was studied. As before, E. coli accumulated in the intestine of N2 worms as they aged, leading to a marked distension of the intestinal lumen by day 9 (Figure 8). The daf-2 and phm-2 single mutants showed contrasting phenotypes, with no bacterial accumulation detected by day 9 and noticeable bacterial packing from day 1, respectively. The kinetics of bacterial accumulation observed in the daf-2;phm-2 double mutants correlated with the cfu quantitation (Figure 7C), indicating increasing control of bacterial load over time. Figure 8 C.

Processing of DynA into two dynamin-like #NVP-HSP990 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# proteins (it consists of two fused dynamin modules) would give rise to 62 to 63 kDa sized proteins, which would be 90 kDa when

fused to YFP. This is not the case according to the Western blot analysis. It is unclear if the truncation product is generated through the YFP fusion construct, or also occurs for wild type DynA. Therefore, localization studies must be viewed in light of the caveat that the truncation product may confer some level of DynA activity. Figure 2 Western blot of exponentially growing cells expressing DynA (PY79) or DynA-YFP as indicated above the lanes, using anti GFP antiserum. Filled triangle corresponds to full length DynA-YFP, open triangle a C-terminal 27 kDa fragment of DynA plus YFP. Note that the band at 50 kDa is a crossreaction seen with the serum. DynA-YFP localized to the cell center in exponentially growing cells (Figure 3A), and formed one or two foci at irregular places along the membrane in 15% of the cells (Figure 3B, 200 cells analyzed). Thus, in contrast to e.g. the membrane protein

MreC, which localises as distinct foci throughout the membrane (Figure see more 3C, note that there are two adjacent membranes at the division septum), DynA is clearly highly enriched at the future division site. Indeed, DynA-YFP co-localized with FtsZ-CFP (Figure 3A); clear DynA-YFP fluorescence was seen at 85% of FtsZ-CFP rings, and 15% of Z rings were devoid of detectable DynA-YFP fluorescence (250 cells analysed), which, however, was extremely faint. Many cells contained DynA-YFP foci rather than ring-like structures (Figure 3A, indicated by white triangle). These data indicate that DynA is recruited to the Z ring, possibly at an early time point during cell division. Figure 3 Localization of DynA, FtsZ, FloT and MreB. A-B) Growing wild type cells expressing DynA-YFP and FtsZ-CFP, white lines indicate septa between cells, overlay: FtsZ-CFP in red, DynA-YFP

in green, Ureohydrolase C) cells expressing YFP-MreC, D) stationary phase cells expressing DynA-YFP, white triangles indicate membrane-proximal foci, E) dynA (ypbR) mutant cells expressing FtsZ-CFP, white triangles indicate asymmetric FtsZ rings, grey triangles large cells lacking FtsZ rings but instead containing membrane-proximal accumulations of FtsZ-CFP: white lines indicate septa between cells, F) wild type cells expressing FloT-YFP, overlay with membranes (red) and FloT-YFP (green), G) floT mutant cells expressing DynA-YFP. H) dynA mutant cells expressing FloT- YFP, time lapse with images taken every 2 s. White or grey bars 2 μm. During stationary phase, many cells showed multiple DynA-YFP foci, while most cells (60%) did not reveal any focus (Figure 3D).

J Sports Sci 2007, 25:1129–1135.PubMedCrossRef

10. Legg SJ, Smith P, Slyfield D: Knowledge and reported use of sport science by elite new zealand olympic class sailors. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1997, 37:213–217.PubMed 11. Castagna O, Brisswalter J: Assessment of energy demand in laser sailing: Influences of exercise duration and performance level. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007, 99:95–101.PubMedCrossRef 12. Vogiatzis I, Spurway N, Wilson J: Assessment of aerobic and anaerobic demands of dinghy sailing at different wind velocities. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1995, 35:103–107.PubMed Tariquidar ic50 13. Neville V, Gant N, Folland J: Thermoregulatory demands of elite professional america’s cup yacht racing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009, 20:475–484.PubMedCrossRef 14. Kurdak S, Shirreffs SM, Selleckchem SC79 Maughan R: Hydration and sweating responses to CA4P in vivo hot-weather football competition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010, 20:133–139.PubMedCrossRef 15. Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Merson SJ: Fluid and electrolyte balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment. J Sports Sci 2005, 23:73–79.PubMedCrossRef 16. Mitchell JB, Voss W: The influence of volume on gastric emptying and fluid balance

during prolong exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1991, 23:314–319.PubMedCrossRef 17. Patterson MJ, Galloway SD, Nimmo MA: Variations in regional sweat composition in normal human males. Exp Physiol 2000, 85:869–875.PubMedCrossRef 18. Fletcher E, Cunningham P: Indoor rowing: Sailing guide. Concept 2. 2007. http://​concept2.​co.​uk/​training/​sailing 19. Palmer M, Spriet L: Sweat rate, salt loss and fluid intake during an intense on-ice practice in

elite canadian male junior hockey players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008, 33:263–271.PubMedCrossRef 20. Laursen P, Suriano R, Quod M: Core temperature and hydration status during an ironman triathlon. Br J Sports Med 2006, 40:320–325.PubMedCrossRef 21. Dill DB, Costill DL: Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 1974, 37:247–248.PubMed 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl 22. Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK: National athletic trainer’s association position statement: Fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athlete Training 2000, 35:212–224. 23. Hamouti N, Del Coso J, Avila A: Effects of athletes’ muscle mass on urinary markers of hydration status. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010, 109:213–219.PubMedCrossRef 24. Kenefick RW, Hazzard MP, Mahood NV: Thirst sensations and avp responses at rest and during exercise-cold exposure. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2004, 36:1528–1534.PubMedCrossRef 25. Passe D, Horn M, Stofan J: Voluntary dehydration in runners despite favorable conditions for fluid intake. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2007, 17:284–295.PubMed 26. Noakes TD: Fluid replacement during exercise. Exercise Sport Science Review 1993, 21:297–330. 27.

(2009) Researcher Designed questionnaire on musculoskeletal symptoms Upper Extremities “Have you experienced pain in neck or shoulder and pain in elbow, forearm, or hand in the last month, and is this totally or partially caused by working conditions in your present or previous job?” Yes Occupational physicians performed clinical examination, reporting clinical findings and diagnoses. The work relatedness was assessed using the “Criteria Document this website for Evaluating the Work relatedness of Upper-Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders” (SALTSA) Norway: 217 employees in Oslo Health Study;

177 cases with self-reported work-related pain, 40 controls with self-reported non-work-related pain 17, High 8 Ohlsson et al. (1994) NMQ-Upper Extremities 7d/12 mo No Clinical findings recorded by one examiner (blinded to the answers in the self-report questionnaire), according to a standard protocol and criteria Sweden: 165 women in either repetitive industrial work (101) or mobile and varied work (64) 11, Low 9 Perreault et al. (2008) Researcher Designed questionnaire No Physical examination was performed according to a standard protocol Selleckchem Tariquidar France:

187 university Selleckchem CX-6258 workers (80% computer clerical workers, 11% professionals, 7% technicians), 83% female 13, Moderate 10 Silverstein et al. (1997) Researcher designed questionnaire No Clinical examination USA: Employees of automotive plants (metal, service and engine plants); 713 baseline questionnaire; 626 baseline clinical

examination, 579 follow-up clinical examination (416 in both); 357 questionnaire and clinical examination Linifanib (ABT-869) at baseline 15, Moderate Body maps Questions from NMQ 11 Stål et al. (1997) NMQ-Upper Extremities No Clinical examination after twelve months by a physiotherapist, blinded to the results of the questionnaire and according to a standardized protocol and criteria Sweden: 80 female milkers (active) 18, High 12 Toomingas et al. (1995) Researcher Designed self-administered examination No Clinical examination by one of eight physicians blinded to the symptoms and results of self-examination and according to a strict protocol Sweden: 350 participants: 79 furniture movers, 89 medical secretaries, 92 men and 90 women from a sample population 17, High 13 Zetterberg et al. (1997) Researcher Designed questionnaire (~NMQ) No Physical examination of neck, shoulder, arm, hand performed according to a protocol by the same orthopedic specialist blinded to the results of the questionnaire; specialists are reporting clinical findings Sweden: 165 women in either repetitive industrial (101) or mobile and varied work (64) 15, Moderate Skin 14 Cvetkovski et al.

In randomised clinical trials, these treatments can reduce fracture incidence by up to 50%. However, in routine care, these treatment benefits may be compromised by poor

adherence to treatment, with around 50% of women discontinuing treatment within 1 year [10, 11]. Suboptimal adherence to antiresorptive treatment has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of fracture [12–14]. Barriers to better adherence to osteoporosis treatment include the constraints associated with the administration of some of these agents, side-effects, the treatment regimen, the lack of a buy EVP4593 visible “read-out” of treatment benefit and inappropriate patient expectations and perceptions [15–17].

Improving Akt inhibitor adherence to osteoporosis treatment thus represents an important public health issue. Achieving this requires appropriate tools to measure adherence which 3-MA mw can be used to monitor improvements due to public health interventions. The notion of adherence involves a number of inter-related aspects. With regard to osteoporosis, an expert consensus recently described adherence as a general term encompassing both compliance and persistence [18]. Compliance was defined as the extent to which a patient acts in accordance with the prescribed interval and dose of a given treatment regimen, whereas persistence was defined as the cumulative time from initiation to discontinuation of therapy. Currently, three principal types of adherence measure have been developed, prescription follow-up or pharmacy claims to determine medication consumption over time, direct medication use measures (for example, pill counts, electronic measures or canister weights) or patient reports. Direct medication use measures are not particularly useful for naturalistic studies, since they may lead to bias due to potential

modification of adherence behaviour by implementation of the reporting measure. Of the prescription follow-up methods, the medication possession ratio (MPR) [19, 20] has Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase been widely used. A number of patient-reported measures of treatment adherence have been developed and validated, including the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) [21], the Medication Adherence Report Scale [22], the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale [23], the ASK-20 [24] and the Hypertension Compliance Questionnaire [25]. However, none of these instruments were designed specifically with osteoporosis in mind, and it would therefore be of interest to develop a disease-specific adherence measure which would focus on adherence issues that are pertinent to osteoporosis and its treatment and may be more discriminating and sensitive to change than non-specific measures.

Cell 1997, 90:809–819.PubMedwww.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html CrossRef 65. Boominathan L: Some facts and thoughts: p73 as a tumour suppressor gene in the network of tumour suppressors. Mol Cancer

2007, 6:1–8.CrossRef see more 66. Levrero M, De Laurenzi V, Costanzo A, Gong J, Wang JY, Melino G: The p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors: overlapping and distinct functions. J Cell Sci 2000, 113:1661–1670.PubMed 67. Alhosin M, Abusnina A, Achour M, Sharif T, Muller C, Peluso J, Chataigneau T, Lugnier C, Schini-Kerth VB, Bronner C, Fuhrmann G: Induction of apoptosis by thymoquinone in lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells is mediated by a p73-dependent pathway which targets the epigenetic integrator UHRF1. Biochem Pharmacol 2010, 79:1251–1260.PubMedCrossRef 68. Bronner C, Chataigneau T, Schini-Kerth VB, Landry Y: The “”Epigenetic Code Replication Machinery”", ECREM: a promising drugable target of the epigenetic cell memory. Curr Med 2007, 14:2629–2641.CrossRef 69. Surh YJ: Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer 2003, 3:768–780.PubMedCrossRef

70. Wu P, Dugoua JJ, Eyawo O, Mills EJ: Traditional Chinese Medicines in the treatment of hepatocellular cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2009, 28:112.PubMedCrossRef 71. Lu Y, Li CS, Dong Q: Chinese herb related molecules of cancer-cell-apoptosis: a minireview of progress between mTOR inhibitor Kanglaite injection and related genes. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008, 27:31.PubMedCrossRef 72. Borek C: Dietary antioxidants and human cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2004, 3:333–341.PubMedCrossRef 73. Zhang M, Holman

CD, Huang JP, Xie X: Green tea and the prevention of breast cancer: a case-control study in Southeast China. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28:1074–1078.PubMedCrossRef 74. Gali-Muhtasib H, Roessner A, Schneider-Stock R: Thymoquinone: a promising anticancer drug from natural sources. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006, 38:1249–1253.PubMedCrossRef 75. Padhye S, Banerjee Telomerase S, Ahmad A, Mohammad R, Sarkar FH: From here to eternity – the secret of Pharaohs: Therapeutic potential of black cumin seeds and beyond. Cancer Ther 2008, 6:495–510.PubMed 76. Worthen DR, Ghosheh OA, Crooks PA: The in vitro anti-tumour activity of some crude and purified components of blackseed, Nigella sativa L. Anticancer Res 1998, 18:1527–1532.PubMed 77. Shoieb AM, Elgayyar M, Dudrick PS, Bell JL, Tithof PK: In vitro inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in cancer cell lines by thymoquinone. Int J Oncol 2003, 22:107–113.PubMed 78. Gali-Muhtasib HU, Abou Kheir WG, Kheir LA, Darwiche N, Crooks PA: Molecular pathway for thymoquinone-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in neoplastic keratinocytes. Anticancer Drugs 2004, 15:389–399.PubMedCrossRef 79.

05).

Subjects were allowed 60 minutes to consume the entire volume of beverage. Each condition was consumed on a different test day, with a minimum of five days separating mTOR inhibitor test visits. Table 2 Study timeline and outcome measures Time → Variable ↓ Pre Dehydrating Exercise Test Immediately Post Dehydrating Exercise Test 1 Hour Post Dehydrating Exercise Test 2 Hours Post Dehydrating Exercise Test 3 Hours Post Dehydrating Exercise Test† Immediately Post Performance Exercise Test Body Mass†† X X* X** X X   Plasma Osmolality X X     X   Urine Specific Gravity X X     X   Subjective Measures (VAS)   X X X X   Heart Rate X X     X X Blood Pressure X X     X X † The Performance

Exercise Test began following this measurement time (total exercise time was recorded) †† Body Mass was used to calculate fluid retention (as described in the Methods section) * For determination of fluid volume to consume ** For determination of “”baseline”" body mass Performance Exercise Test Three hours after the completion of the dehydrating exercise test (and HMPL-504 two hours after subjects consumed their assigned condition), a test of physical performance was conducted using a treadmill as previously done [20]. Specifically, subjects began walking on a motorized treadmill at a self-selected comfortable speed (0% grade) for five minutes. At the conclusion of the five-minute period,

the actual performance test began. The protocol involved an increase in intensity every three minutes. While the speed of the treadmill remained constant at 4.2 miles per hour throughout the test, the grade increase in the following manner: Rapamycin cost min 1-3, 0%; min 4-6, 2.5%; min 7-9, 5%; min 10-12, 7.5%; min 13-15, 10%; min 16-18, 12.5%; min 19-21, 15%. Subjects exercised until volitional exhaustion and the total exercise time was recorded. This identical protocol was administered at the screening visit (for familiarization) and on each of the four test day visits. Therefore, we do not believe that there was any significant degree of “”learning”" involved with this test. Outcome Measures In addition to the measure of total exercise time obtained in the performance test described above, the following variables were used as outcome measures; some of which have been discussed previously [21]. With regard to hydration status, body mass, fluid retention (based on body mass), plasma osmolality, and urine specific gravity were measured. Specifically, for fluid retention based on body mass, it was expected that the administration of test product at the amount prescribed would bring the subject’s body mass back to very near its P005091 research buy pre-exercise level.

Farber (Health Canada) and Prof J. Park (Kyungwon University, Korea). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: MLST analysis of the Cronobacter isolates showing their source, geographic location and species. The data provided shows the spacial, temporal and source of strains used in this study, and reference where the strains have been used in previous publications. (DOC 205 KB) References 1. Farmer JJ III, Asbury MA, Hickman FW, Brenner DJ, The Enterobacteriaceae study group:Enterobacter Avapritinib research buy sakazakii : a new species of “” Enterobacteriaceae “” isolated from clinical specimens. Intl J System Bacteriol 1980,

30:569–584.CrossRef 2. Iversen C, Waddington buy AZD5582 M, On SLW, Forsythe S: Identification and phylogeny of Enterobacter sakazakii relative to Enterobacter and Citrobacter. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:5368–5370.CrossRefPubMed 3. Iversen C, Waddington M, Farmer JJ III, Forsythe S: The biochemical differentiation of Enterobacter sakazakii genotypes. BMC Microbiology PI3K Inhibitor Library 2006, 6:94.CrossRefPubMed 4. Iversen C, Lehner A, Mullane N, Bidlas E, Cleenwerck I, Marugg J, Fanning S, Stephan R, Joosten H: The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii : proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter

sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1. BMC Evol Biol 2007, 7:64.CrossRefPubMed 5. Iversen C, Mullane N, McCardell B, Tall BD, Lehner A, Fanning

S, Stephan R, Joosten H:Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter BCKDHB genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov. Intl J System Evol Microbiol 2008, 58:1442–1447.CrossRef 6. Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization (FAO-WHO): Joint FAO/WHO workshop on Enterbacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula, Geneva, 2–5 February, 2004. [http://​www.​who.​int/​foodsafety/​publications/​feb2004/​en/​print.​html] 2004. 7. Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization (FAO-WHO):Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant Formula. [http://​www.​who.​int/​foodsafety/​publications/​micro/​mra10/​en/​index.​html]Second Risk Assessment Workshop. 16–20th January. WHO Rome, Italy 2006. 8. Forsythe S:Enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula.