Experiments considered three salinity levels, regarding NaCl added (0.00, 0.75 and 1.50 g L-1), crossed with three competition scenarios

(no priority, priority of Daphnia over Simocephalus, and vice-versa). At lower NaCl concentrations (0.00 and 0.75 g L-1), Daphnia was a significantly superior competitor, irrespective of the species inoculation order, suggesting negligible priority effects. However, the strong decrease in Daphnia population growth at 1.50 g L-1 alleviated the competitive pressure on Simocephalus, causing an inversion of the competitive outcome in favour of Simocephalus. The intensity of this inversion depended on the competition scenario. This salinity-mediated disruption of the competitive outcome demonstrates that subtle environmental changes produce indirect effects in Panobinostat research buy key ecological mechanisms, thus altering community composition, which may lead to serious implications in terms of ecosystem functioning (e. g. lake regime shifts due to reduced grazing) and biodiversity.”
“Objective

The long-term HSP990 social outcome in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is still controversial. The aim of this study was both to investigate the long-term social outcome in relation to clinical variables and to identify epilepsy-related factors that affect the quality of life (QoL) in JME patients with a follow-up of at least 20years. Methods A retrospective selection of 33 of AC220 solubility dmso 90 patients (21 female) from a tertiary epilepsy center diagnosed with JME and followed for >= 20years (mean 37.8years) was studied. All patients were evaluated with a thorough review of their medical records, and a subsequent face-to-face or telephone interview. QOLIE-31-P questionnaire

(QoL In Epilepsy) and Beck Depression Inventory-II were used to assess the QoL and the presence and severity of depressive symptoms, respectively. Results Of 33 patients, 18 (54.5%) became seizure-free; in 4 of the patients (22.2%), antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment was discontinued. Early and long-term seizure freedom improves both social adjustment (p=0.02) and occupational integration (p=0.02) and associates with a better QoL (odds ratio [OR] 2.25). A high seizure burden highly affects both aspects of personal life-family and work; notably the occurrence of frequent and/or late onset generalized tonic-clonic seizures increases the risk of concomitant diseases (p=0.05) and lifelong AED treatment (p=0.03), decreases the patient’s employability (p=0.02), increases the rate of employment disability pension (p=0.05), and considerably increases public/social spending. Seizure freedom significantly increases the QoL (p=0.001), whereas more severe courses of epilepsy (OR 3.2), AED side effects (p=0.04), depression (p=0.02), and sleep disturbances (OR 2.7) considerably decrease the patient’s QoL.

\n\nData collection and analysis\n\nTwo authors assessed trial quality and extracted data independently.\n\nMain results\n\nFourteen randomised controlled trials (2712 children) studying the effectiveness of adenoidectomy in children with otitis media were evaluated. Most of these trials were too heterogeneous to pool in a meta-analysis. Loss to follow up varied from 0% to 63% after two years.\n\nAdenoidectomy in combination with a unilateral www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html tympanostomy tube has a beneficial effect on the resolution of OME (risk difference (RD) 22% (95% CI 12% to 32%) and 29% (95% CI 19% to 39%) for

the non-operated ear at six and 12 months, respectively (n = 3 trials)) and a very small (< 5 dB) effect on hearing, compared to a unilateral tympanostomy tube only. The results of studies of adenoidectomy with or without myringotomy versus non-surgical treatment or myringotomy only, and those of adenoidectomy in

combination with bilateral tympanostomy tubes versus bilateral tympanostomy tubes only, also showed a small beneficial effect of adenoidectomy on the resolution of the effusion. The latter results could not be pooled due to large heterogeneity of the trials.\n\nRegarding AOM, the results of none of the trials including this outcome indicate a significant beneficial effect of adenoidectomy. The trials were too heterogeneous to SB273005 ic50 pool in a meta-analysis.\n\nThe effects of adenoidectomy IPI-549 in vivo on changes of the tympanic membrane or cholesteatoma have not been studied.\n\nAuthors’ conclusions\n\nOur review shows a significant benefit of adenoidectomy as far as the resolution of middle ear effusion in children with OME is concerned. However, the benefit to hearing is small and the effects on changes in the tympanic membrane are unknown. The risks of operating should be weighed against these potential benefits.\n\nThe absence of a significant benefit of adenoidectomy on AOM suggests

that routine surgery for this indication is not warranted.”
“A formal, one-pot [4 + 4] cyclization pathway for the generation of eight-membered sultams via in situ generation of an ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) is reported. The pairing of ambiphilic synthons in a complementary fashion is examined whereby o-fluorobenzenesulfonamides are merged with in situ generated o-QM in a formal [4 + 4] cyclization pathway to afford 5,2,1-dibenzooxathiazocine-2,2-dioxide scaffolds under microwave (mW) conditions. The method reported represents the first use of an o-QM in a formal hetero [4 + 4] cyclization.”
“Case Description-A 12-year-old Thoroughbred was examined because of signs of depression, neck stiffness, and poor performance.\n\nClinical Findings-Physical examination revealed that the horse was dull, appeared depressed, was reluctant to raise its neck and head above a horizontal plane, and had a temperature of 38.5 degrees C (101.3 degrees F).

“
“A total of 1,870 nonduplicate clinical Enterobacteriaceae from 13 teaching hospitals located in 11 provinces of mainland China from 2011 to 2012 were screened for the presence of the bla(NDM) gene. The high-throughput Selleck Crenolanib MiSeq sequencing method and comparative genomics were used to analyze the genetic environment of bla(NDM) among these isolates. Three bla(NDM-1)-carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.16%, 3/1,870), isolated from a teaching hospital in Xi’an, exhibited high levels of resistance to all -lactams, but remained susceptible to amikacin, tigecycline, and polymyxin B. These three isolates, belonging to ST147,

presented an identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern. The IncX3 plasmid, pNDM-SX04 (KC876051) showed 99% identity with plasmid pNDM-HN380 (JX104760). Comparative analysis of the genetic environment of bla(NDM-1) with previously published plasmids revealed the same 7,830-bp basic mobile element, which may have been derived from Acinetobacter spp. Partial ISAba125, ISAba125 promoter, bla(NDM-1), and ble(MBL) could serve as the minimal mobile vehicle facilitating horizontal

transfer of the bla(NDM-1) gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an outbreak of bla(NDM-1)-carrying ST147 K. pneumoniae. Although the prevalence spread by the bla(NDM-1) gene prevalence is at a low frequency in mainland China, a dynamic national surveillance of this gene is needed due to its potential transferability.”
“This review briefly addresses what has selleck inhibitor been

learned Pinometostat solubility dmso about resistance durability in recent years, as well as the questions that still remain. Molecular analyses of major gene interactions have potential to contribute to both breeding for resistance and improved understanding of virulence impacts on pathogen fitness. Though the molecular basis of quantitative resistance is less clear, substantial evidence has accumulated for the relative simplicity of inheritance. There is increasing evidence for specific interactions with quantitative resistance, though implications of this for durability are still unknown. Mechanisms by which resistance gene pyramids contribute to durability remain elusive, though ideas have been generated for identifying gene combinations that may be more durable. Though cultivar mixtures and related approaches have been used successfully, identifying the diseases and conditions that are most conducive to the use of diversity has been surprisingly difficult, and the selective influence of diversity on pathogen populations is complex. The importance of considering resistance durability in a landscape context has received increasing emphasis and is an important future area of research. Experimental systems are being developed to test resistance gene deployment strategies that previously could be addressed only with logic and observation.

When the developed mPCR assay

was applied to 40 natural foods, 35% (14 of 40) of the samples were contaminated with either one or more mycotoxins. The mPCR results were further evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and in general, both the methods provided unequivocal results. Conclusion The current mPCR assay is a rapid and reliable tool for simultaneous specific and sensitive detection of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus strains, trichothecene- and fumonisin-producing Fusarium strains, and ochratoxigenic Penicillium species from naturally contaminated foods. Significance and Impact of the Study This mPCR assay could be a supplementary strategy to current conventional mycotoxin analytical techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography,

HPLC, AZD6738 manufacturer etc., and a reliable tool for high-throughput monitoring of major mycotoxin-producing fungi during the processing steps of food and feed commodities.”
“Background: NR2B subunits (NMDA receptor 2B subunit) play an important role in generation of pain and forming central sensitization of pain. Ro 25-6981, a highly selective NR2B antagonist, gained much attention in recent years. selleck compound In this study, we used a rat model of incisional pain to investigate effects of postoperative analgesia and changes of postoperative hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil through the pretreatment of intrathecal administration

with Ro 25-6981.\n\nMethods: The behavioral changes of rats have been evaluated by the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency after intrathecal injection of Ro 25-6981. The expression of NR2B with tyrosine phosphotylation in the spinal dorsal horn was analyzed by Western blotting.\n\nResults: Intrathecal injection of Ro 25-6981 significantly enhanced the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency after the operation. Significant change has been observed after intrathecal injection of 800.0 mu g of Ro 25-6981 and at 2 h after operation in the oblique pull test degree and BBB rating score. Pretreatment of Ro 25-6981 decreased the high level expression of NR2B with tyrosine phosphorylation Tubastatin A price in spinal dorsal horn of the rat model after the operation.\n\nConclusions: Intrathecal injection of Ro 25-6981 had significant analgesic effects on incision pain in rats and effectively attenuated postoperative hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background Previous studies using the combination of angiotensin-receptor blockers and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) have shown superior ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) reduction in study participants with stage 2 hypertension compared with monotherapy.

Further investigations and cost-effectiveness analysis are needed to assess its usefulness for the routine surgical practice (Adv Clin Exp Med 2010, 19, 1, 113-119).”
“Ovine hopesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) causes sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), and is responsible for economic losses in cattle and other susceptible species around the world. A survey of 154 serum samples from 14 flocks in 3 Japanese prefectures (Hokkaido, Aomori and Iwate) was undertaken between 2007 and 2008 to test for antibodies to OvHV-2. OvHV-2 was present in 56 sheep and 2 goats, with 37.66% BMS-754807 mouse of samples having a positive reaction using a serum neutralization

test. The immune reaction reported in goats could result from Caprine herpesvirus-2. These results indicate that sheep are reservoirs for OvHV-2 in the field in Japan, and they might transmit the virus to susceptible cattle and wild fauna.”
“Pancreatic involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is uncommon more so in adults. It can present as obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis or can be asymptomatic. We report here the clinical see more and imaging features in a 28 years old man with B cell ALL with simultaneous involvement of pancreas and bilateral kidneys. Computed tomography of abdomen showed diffuse infiltration of pancreas by multiple tiny hypodense lesions and multiple hypodense lesions

in both kidneys. Although leukemic involvement of pancreas is unusual and our patient was asymptomatic, one should consider the possibility of pancreatic infiltration in a leukemic patient presenting with pancreatic enlargement, cholestatic jaundice or pancreatitis.”
“Bone density and quantity are primary conditions for the insertion and stability of dental implants. In cases of a lack of adequate maxillary or mandibulary bone, bone augmentation will be necessary. The use of synthetic bioactive bone substitution materials is of increasing importance as alternatives to autogenously bone grafts. Tipifarnib chemical structure It is well known that bone can influence muscle

function and muscle function can influence bone structures. Muscles have a considerable potential of adaptation and muscle tissue surrounding an inserted implant or bone surrogate can integrate changes in mechanical load of the muscle and hereupon induce signaling cascades with protein synthesis and arrangement of the cytoskeleton. The Musculus latissimus dorsi is very often used for the analyses of the in vivo biocompatibility of newly designed biomaterials. Beside macroscopically and histologically examination, biocompatibility can be assessed by analyses of the biomaterial influence of gene expression. This review discusses changes in the fiber type distribution, myosin heavy chain isoform composition, histological appearance and vascularization of the skeletal muscle after implantation of bone substitution materials. Especially, the effects of bone surrogates should be described at the molecular-biological and cellular level.

In our study, Metabolism inhibitor a World Health Organization classification of pattern of increased periportal echo (IPE) for schistosomiasis was applied. Two CCA patients gave consent for operation. Histopathological diagnosis showed both had cholangiocarcinoma with periductal fibrosis of the non-tumorous area of the liver. Ultrasonography was used to compare the non-tumorous area with parenchymal echo pattern and was shown to have an early CCA detection role and a surveillance role in an endemic area of Ov by detection of PDF.”
“Very little is known about the role of the innate immune system in the course of human type 1 diabetes. Here we investigated neutrophil

numbers along with other leukocyte populations in patients at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and during prediabetes. Complete and differential blood counts were analyzed from 107 adult patients with newly

diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 21 children with persistent islet autoantibodies and a family history of type 1 diabetes, and 1 238 age and gender matched control subjects, all individuals without any signs of acute GW4869 molecular weight infection. Adult patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes had significantly lower total WBC (p < 1 x 10(-6)), neutrophil (p < 1 x 10(-6)), basophil (p < 1 x 10(-6)), monocyte (p = 4 x 10(-6)) and lymphocyte (p < 1 x 10(-6)) counts compared to control subjects. Erythrocyte, eosinophil and platelet counts did not differ between groups. Similarly, children with persistent islet autoantibodies had decreased WBC (p = 0.001), neutrophils (p = 0.003), and lymphocytes (p = 0.006) in comparison to control children. Our findings demonstrate a perturbation of leukocyte homeostasis

at and prior to onset of type DMXAA clinical trial 1 diabetes suggesting a general involvement of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.”
“Objective: To examine the validity of the Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (RPAQ) which assesses physical activity (PA) in 4 domains (leisure, work, commuting, home) during past month.\n\nMethods: 580 men and 1343 women from 10 European countries attended 2 visits at which PA energy expenditure (PAEE), time at moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sedentary time were measured using individually-calibrated combined heart-rate and movement sensing. At the second visit, RPAQ was administered electronically. Validity was assessed using agreement analysis.\n\nResults: RPAQ significantly underestimated PAEE in women [median(IQR) 34.1 (22.1, 52.2) vs. 40.6 (32.4, 50.9) kJ/kg/day, 95%LoA: -44.4, 63.4 kJ/kg/day) and in men (43.7 (29.0, 69.0) vs. 45.5 (34.1, 57.6) kJ/kg/day, 95%LoA: -47.2, 101.3 kJ/kg/day]. Using individualised definition of 1MET, RPAQ significantly underestimated MVPA in women [median(IQR): 62.1 (29.4, 124.3) vs. 73.6 (47.8, 107.2) min/day, 95%LoA: -130.5, 305.3 min/day] and men [82.7 (38.8, 185.6) vs. 83.3 (55.1, 125.0) min/day, 95%LoA: -136.4, 400.1 min/day].

“
“Polylactides exist in different stereochemical compositions, as pure L-(PLLA), pure D-(PDLA), or mixtures containing the two enantiomeric forms in varying amounts. Polylactides of different stereochemical compositions differ

in their solubility in THF. Based on the difference in solubility a gradient chromatographic method was developed allowing separation of polylactides differing in their stereochemical compositions (excess of enantiomers, e.e.). Moreover, blends composed of polylactides having different stereochemical purity could be separated into their individual components. However, for mixtures of PDLA with PLLA an additional peak was observed at higher elution volume. Since this peak cannot be attributed to any of the individual components, this peak might result from the formation of the stereocomplex described in literature. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. GNS-1480 mw All rights reserved.”
“The effect of Zn content on microstructure, existing phases, and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified MgZn (x) Y1LaMM1Mn0.5 alloys learn more (X = 2, 3, 4 at. pct) has been investigated. To assess the microstructural characterization of nanocrystalline alloys, the study also includes microstructural characterization of the master alloys. The microstructure of the

alloys in as-rapidly solidified condition consisted of supersaturated magnesium dendrites and fine (Mg,Zn)(17)La-2 and W phase (Mg3Y2Zn3) segregated at grain and cell boundaries. During continuous heating, the metastable solid solution in Mg dendrites breaks down, increasing the volume fraction of second-phase particles. After annealing for 1 hour at 673 K (400 A degrees C), very small spherical Mn-rich precipitates appeared in the three alloys and a long-period stacking ordered (LPS) phase of rectangular morphology precipitated inside the Mg grains in the alloy with the lowest Zn content. The nanocrystalline nature of the ribbons accounts for the high hardness and yield stress values in as-rapidly solidified state, although both decrease with increasing zinc content. This fact has been related to a coarser microstructure and higher volume fraction of the PRT062607 molecular weight W phase as the

Zn content increases. The highest yield stress value of 350 MPa is attained by the MgZn2Y1LaMM1 ribbon in as-rapidly solidified condition. A decrease in yield stress values (about 50 MPa) is observed for all ribbons when they are heated at 673 K (400 A degrees C) for 1 hour.”
“A new asymmetric three-component domino process, based on a diastereoselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction, involving an aldehyde, an alkene, and a chiral thiocarbamate was developed. The chiral auxiliary is directly removed during this process, leading to enantioenriched 2H-1,3-thiazin-2-ones with up to 96% ee.”
“BACKGROUND: The development of direct peroral cholangioscopy (DPOC) using an ultraslim endoscope simplifies biliary cannulation. The conventional techniques are cumbersome to perform and require advanced skills.

Ectosymbiont attachments were classified as

Anchoring, Molding, Cementing, or Corroding. The study suggests that some microstructure features may be protective, keeping the ectosymbionts away from the cortex and loosely attached at intervals along the shaft of the spine, while other micro-structures facilitate attachment over considerable areas of the shaft.”
“The stratum corneum (SC) plays a fundamental role in the barrier function of the skin. The SC consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. The main lipid classes in the lipid matrix are ceramides (CERs), cholesterol (CHOL) and free fatty acids (FFAs). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the chain length of FFAs on the thermotropic phase behavior and A-1155463 chemical structure mixing properties of SC lipids. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman imaging spectroscopy were used to study the mixing properties using either protonated or deuterated FFAs. We selected SC model lipid mixtures containing only a single CER, CHOL and either a single FFA or a mixture of FFAs mimicking the FFA SC composition. The single CER consists of a sphingoid base with 18 carbon atoms and an acyl chain with a chain length of 24 carbon atoms. When using lignoceric acid (24 carbon atoms) or a mixture of FFAs, the CER and

FFAs participated in mixed crystals, but hydration of the mixtures induced a slight phase separation between CER and FFA. The mixed crystalline structures did not phase separate during selleck storage even up to a time period of 3 months. When using palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms), a slight phase separation was observed between FFA and CER. This phase separation was clearly enhanced during hydration and storage. In conclusion, the thermotropic phase behavior and the mixing properties of the SC lipid mixtures were shown buy HSP990 to strongly depend on the chain length and chain length distribution of FFAs, while hydration enhanced the phase separation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause epidemics and pandemics

that result in considerable financial burden and loss of human life. To manage annual IAV epidemics and prepare for future pandemics, an improved understanding of how IAVs emerge, transmit, cause disease and acquire pandemic potential is urgently needed. Fundamental techniques essential for procuring such knowledge are IAV isolation and culture from experimental and surveillance samples. Here we present a detailed protocol for IAV sample collection and processing, amplification in chicken eggs or mammalian cells, and identification from samples containing unknown pathogens. This protocol is robust, and it allows for the generation of virus cultures that can be used for downstream analyses.

Articles were included if they described functional performance after BPTB or STG reconstruction and had a follow-up of more than 2 years. Two authors screened the selected articles for title, abstract and full-text in accordance with predefined

inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of all articles was assessed by checklists Buparlisib cost of the Cochrane Library by two authors. Only the articles with good methodological quality were considered for further analysis.\n\nA total of 27 studies were included by full-text. According to their methodological quality six were rated as good. Different authors used different study designs for muscle testing which led to different outcomes that could not be compared. Besides strength, a single-leg hop for distance was used as a measurement for quantity of functional performance. No measurements for quality of functional performance were reported.\n\nMeasurement of functional performance more than 2 years after ACL reconstruction consists of concentric or isometric strength, the single-leg hop for distance or a combination. The Limb Symmetry Index is used as the main outcome parameter to compare the involved leg with the uninvolved. In all studies the results of men and woman are combined. Based on our findings and previous studies that discussed additional important parameters a more extensive test battery to assess

functional performance is suggested.\n\nIII.”
“Appropriate maintenance and regeneration of adult endocrine organs

is important in both normal physiology and disease. We investigated cell proliferation, movement selleck kinase inhibitor and differentiation in the adult mouse adrenal cortex, using different 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling regimens and immunostaining for phenotypic steroidogenic cell markers. Pulse-labelling showed that cell division was largely confined to the outer cortex, with most cells moving inwards towards the medulla at around 13-20 mu m per day, though a distinct labelled cell population remained in the outer 10% of the cortex. Pulse-chase-labelling coupled with phenotypic immunostaining showed that, unlike cells in the inner cortex, most BrdU-positive outer cortical cells did not express steroidogenic markers, while CH5424802 solubility dmso co-staining for BrdU and Ki67 revealed that some outer cortical BrdU-positive cells were induced to proliferate following acute adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment. Extended pulse-chase-labelling identified cells in the outer cortex which retained BrdU label for up to 18-23 weeks. Together, these observations are consistent with the location of both slow-cycling stem/progenitor and transiently amplifying cell populations in the outer cortex. Understanding the relationships between these distinct adrenocortical cell populations will be crucial to clarify mechanisms underpinning adrenocortical maintenance and long-term adaptation to pathophysiological states.

In this paper, a new compression algorithm specifically designed to encode electroencephalographic (EEG) signals is proposed. Cosine modulated filter banks are used to decompose the EEG signal into a set of subbands well adapted to the frequency bands characteristic of the EEG. Given that no regular pattern may be easily extracted from the signal in time domain, a thresholding-based method is applied for quantizing samples. The method of retained energy is designed for efficiently computing the threshold in the decomposition domain which, at the same time, allows the quality of the reconstructed EEG to be controlled. The experiments are conducted over a large set of signals taken from two public

databases available at Physionet and the results show that the compression scheme

yields better compression than other reported methods. (C) 2011 IPEM. ON-01910 price Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Reasons for performing study Tarsal pain is a common cause of hindlimb lameness in horses. Diagnosis can usually be made with radiography and ultrasonography; however, in some cases, these techniques are inconclusive and additional imaging is necessary. No studies describing computed tomography (CT) features of different tarsal lesions in horses with tarsal lameness are BTSA1 reported. Objectives Our aims were as follows: 1) to characterise CT abnormalities in horses with tarsal lameness; 2) to compare CT findings Apoptosis Compound Library nmr with those from other imaging techniques; and 3) to assess whether CT can help to diagnose tarsal pathology. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Computed tomography of the tarsus was performed on 15 horses (n = 17 joints) with tarsal lameness. The horses were divided into 3 groups depending on the reason for CT examination, as follows: 1) other imaging techniques were

inconclusive; 2) evaluation of a fracture; or 3) other imaging techniques showed tarsal lesions, and CT was performed to assess whether additional lesions were present. Results Group 1 included 7 horses. Lesions detected with CT included subchondral cyst-like lesions (2 horses); an osteolytic lesion in the cochlea tibiae (one horse); degenerative changes of the distal tarsal joints (2 horses); osteolytic lesions tarsometatarsal joint (one horse); and sclerosis of the third tarsal bone with a lesion of the tarsometatarsal interosseous ligament (one horse). In this group, CT provided information on the character and extent of the lesion that was not available with other imaging techniques. Computed tomography revealed more information about the extent and complexity of the fracture than radiography in Group 2, whereas CT did not provide extra information in Group 3. Conclusions Focal lesions located between the tarsal bone surfaces are difficult or even impossible to detect with radiography and ultrasonography, but they can be detected and characterised with CT.