(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 385-391)”
“This study adds to a previous morphological work (paper I) with further characterization

of the developed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends containing amylopectin, which made use of an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) as a melt-compoundable carrier for the polysaccharide in the biopolyester. The effect of using glycerol as compatibilizer was also characterized. Water and oxygen transport parameters, mechanical properties, and comparative biodegradability selleck chemicals llc tests were evaluated for the blends. From the results, the barrier properties to oxygen were only seen to improve at 0% RH and mostly for the PLA-EVOH blends, which furthermore showed a positive deviation from the rule of mixtures. At high relative humidity, the blends showed somewhat poorer barrier performance due to the comparatively higher improvement in barrier of the neat PLA at 80% RH. Interestingly, room temperature biodegradability testing suggested

that low additions of the blending elements seemed to facilitate the biodegradability of the biopolyester. Despite the fact that properties were not so dramatically improved, incorporating renewable resources within PLA seems as ML323 supplier a potentially viable route to reduce PLA supply dependency, retain good optical properties and to overcome some drawbacks associated to the use of this biopolyester. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3708-3716, 2011″
“A strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is formed in an MgO/CoFeB/Pd unit structure for an MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction.

The most important factors for a strong PMA are the composition and the thickness Dinaciclib of the CoFeB layer. A strong PMA is observed for the samples fabricated using the CoFeB target with a high Co/Fe ratio and annealed at 300 degrees C for 1 or 2 h. The PMA is formed up to a CoFeB layer thickness as thick as 2.5 nm, although the strongest PMA, with an out-of-plane coercivity of 1068 Oe and a PMA energy density of 2.7 X 10(6) erg/cc, is seen at a CoFeB thickness of 2.0 nm. The systematic study indicates that the PMA is attributed not to the interface effects but rather to the bulk effect of forming a Pd-rich, Co-Pd alloy, as confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profile and x-ray diffraction experiments. The thick CoFeB layer is expected to reduce the template effect from the Pd layer during the annealing, and therefore increase the tunneling magnetoresistance of the MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3516497]“
“Objective. In vivo studies of antimicrobial PDT in animal models of oral candidosis are scarce and the association of porphyrin and LED light has not been evaluated for in vivo photoinactivation of Candida. In this study the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the inactivation of Candida albicans in vivo was evaluated.

Study design.

To date no information is available on the role of hemoglobins during in vitro morphogenesis. Shoot organogenesis was induced in Arabidopsis lines constitutively expressing class 1, 2 and 3 hemoglobins (GLB1, 2 and 3) and lines in which the respective genes were either downregulated by RNAi (GLB1) or knocked out (GLB2 and GLB3). The process was executed by culturing root explants on an initial auxin-rich callus induction medium (CIM) followed by a transfer onto a cytokinin-containing shoot

induction medium (SIM). While the repression of GLB2 inhibited organogenesis the over-expression of GLB1 or GLB2 enhanced the number of shoots produced in culture, and altered the transcript levels of genes participating in cytokinin perception and signalling. The up-regulation of GLB1 or GLB2 activated CKI1 and AHK3, genes encoding cytokinin receptors and affected the transcript levels of cytokinin responsive regulators (ARRs). The expression selleck compound of Type-A ARRs (ARR4, 5, 7, 15, and 16), feed-back repressors of the cytokinin pathway, was repressed in both hemoglobin over-expressors whereas that of several Type-B ARRs (ARR2, 12, and 13), transcription activators of cytokinin-responsive genes, was induced. Such changes enhanced the sensitivity of the root explants to cytokinin allowing the 35S::GLB1 and 35S::GLB2 lines to produce

shoots at low cytokinin concentrations which did not promote organogenesis in the WT line. These results show that manipulation of hemoglobin can modify shoot organogenesis in Arabidopsis and possibly in those systems partially or completely unresponsive to applications of exogenous cytokinins. selleckchem (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety to the retina of a light-delivery device used to irradiate a light-adjustable intraocular lens (IOL) after implantation in a rabbit model.

SETTING: John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

METHODS: In

this study, GSK2245840 price rabbits had phacoemulsification with implantation of an ultraviolet (UV)-filtering light-adjustable IOL (study IOL) in 1 eye and a custom-made silicone IOL without a UV filter (control IOL) in the opposite eye. The study IOLs were irradiated at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 times the expected maximum UV irradiation doses and the control IOLs, at 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 2.0 times. One week after irradiation, slitlamp and fundus (indirect ophthalmoscopy) examinations were performed. The rabbits were then humanely killed and their eyes enucleated and processed for histopathology.

RESULTS: The 16 eyes with the study IOL (with UV filter) showed no signs of corneal, anterior segment, or retinal toxicity on histopathologic evaluation. The 16 eyes with the control IOL (no UV filter) also showed no signs of corneal or anterior segment toxicity; however, 3 eyes receiving the higher radiation doses had focal areas of retinal damage consistent with laser burn.

05). Adjusted analysis showed increasing AIN score on the first biopsy was strongly associated with an increased incidence of PGD (1.59; 1.02-2.47; p = 0.04) and RHF (2.45; 1.14-5.27; p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS: Our grading system provides a simple, reproducible method for determining AIN. UW is associated with less AIN than Celsior solution. Early biopsy ischemia is associated

with PGD and RHF. AIN may have prognostic significance and its routine evaluation should be considered. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:410-8 (C) Pexidartinib cost 2012 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“We estimated the potential benefits of advancing the first dose of pertussis vaccine for infants from 8 to 6 weeks of age, using Australian national disease databases. Infants had notification rates 3-fold

greater than the general population and accounted for 52% of recorded hospitalizations. Infants 1 and 2 months of age had notification BAY 73-4506 research buy rates 3.5 times (95% CI: 2.7-4.5) higher than infants 3 to 11 months of age. Estimation of acceleration of the vaccine to 6 weeks of age reduced average notifications, hospitalizations, and hospital bed-days by 8%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, with larger reductions in an epidemic year.”
“Cobalt iron oxide nanotube arrays with various wall thicknesses were prepared by atomic layer deposition in porous anodic alumina template. Nanotubes uniform in AZD4547 thickness and homogeneous in composition can be obtained with aspect ratios on the order of 50. These nanotubes have a polycrystalline spinel structure. Both the mean grain size and the grain size distribution increase with the tube wall thickness. Correspondingly, their magnetic properties (remanence and coercive field) also have a strong dependence on the thickness for measurements carried out at 300 K. This dependence is attributed to the superparamagnetic behavior of the grains that constitute the nanotube. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3627369]“
“BACKGROUND: Alloimmune-induced immune responses to self-antigens are involved in the development of chronic lung allograft rejection. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

(ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to modulate autoimmune diseases. This study investigated the effect of modulation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) a murine model of obliterative airways disease (OAD).

METHODS: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antibodies were administered intrabronchially to C57BI/6 mice on Days 1, 2, 3, and 6, and weekly thereafter. ACEI/ARB (10 mg/kg/day) were administered in water 5 days before antibody administration. Antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cytokines by Luminex, Th-frequency by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot, and transcription factors by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

As the size is decreased from 7 to 3 nm, the onset of reduction to metallic Fe and FeO is enhanced by 100 to 200 degrees C, due to the increased surface spin disorder. Irrespective of the initial particle size, the final phase obtained after annealing at 1000 degrees C and cooled back to room temperature was a mixed phase of alpha-Fe and alpha-Fe2O3. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis coupled Mass Spectra (TGA-MS) confirm that the evolved carbon from the oleic acid assist the removal of oxygen atom from Fe3O4 lattice, facilitating the reduction of Fe3O4 into alpha-Fe and FeO. The magnetization data of the final products before and after

vacuum annealing are consistent with final phases observed in the GW786034 solubility dmso XRD. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3564964]“
“Well defined poly (styrene-co-methylstyrene) GDC-0941 ic50 grafted polyaniline/organo-modified MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) was produced through solution intercalation method. After LDH nanoparticles were modified by the anion exchange reaction of MgAl (Cl) LDH with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, Poly (styrene-co-methylstyrene) copolymers were synthesized by “”living” free radical polymerization and then brominated with N-bromosuccinimide. Afterwards, 1,4-phenylenediamine was linked to brominated copolymers and prepared functionalized copolymer

with amine. Poly (St-co-MSt)-g-PANI, has been synthesized by adding solution of ammonium persulfate and p-toluenesufonic acid in DMSO solvent. Finally, Poly (styrene-co-methylstyrene) grafted-Polyaniline/LDH nanocomposites were prepared by solution intercalation method. Characterization of these well-defined CCI-779 manufacturer nanocomposites included FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography,

thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 2573-2582, 2011″
“Background: For children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency, the efficacy of routine vitamin K supplementation to normalize vitamin K status remains unclear.

Objective: This study examined and determined predictors of vitamin K status in subjects aged 8-25 y with CF and pancreatic insufficiency taking various vitamin K supplements.

Design: In 97 subjects, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], dietary intake, vitamin K supplement intake, and vitamin K status determined on the basis of the percentage of serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC; sufficient: <20%) and plasma proteins induced by vitamin K absence factor II (PIVKA-II; n = 60; sufficient: <= 2 pg/L) were assessed. The vitamin K supplementation groups were as follows: <150 mu g/d (low; multivitamins or no supplement), 150-999 mu g/d (middle; CF-specific vitamins), and >= 1000 mu g/d (high; mephyton). %ucOC values were compared with 140 healthy subjects aged 6-21 y.

In addition, rapid advances in nephrology research, from basic science to clinical epidemiology, as well as broad communication and collaboration between the CSN and other international nephrology Cilengitide societies, will promote the development of nephrology in China.”
“Purpose of review

Complete penile disassembly (CPD) is a widely utilized procedure for epispadias repair. The rarity of the anomaly and limited number of patients in published series limit our ability to fully evaluate the outcome of such a technique.

Recent findings

We reviewed the literature for published data on CPD. We looked at different complications of the procedure and the

main modifications to alleviate such complications. We looked at functional data on the effect of such a technique on erectile function. This review should be helpful

in parents/patient counseling. Future areas for research are suggested.

Summary

CPD is selleck chemicals a safe and highly successful technique for epispadias repair in infants, boys and adults. There is an ongoing concern with the procedure in neonates. The procedure has a satisfactory outcome when performed for isolated epispadias. In the exstrophy population, long-term data are required to evaluate the outcome of the technique on urinary continence and sexual functions.”
“The prevalence of end-stage renal disease continues to check details increase, and dialysis is offered to older and more medically complex patients. Pain is problematic in up to one-half of patients receiving dialysis and may result from renal and nonrenal etiologies. Opioids can be prescribed safely, but the patient’s renal function must be considered when selecting a drug and when determining the dosage. Fentanyl and methadone are considered the safest opioids for use in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nonpain symptoms are common and affect quality of life.

Phosphate binders, ondansetron, and naltrexone can be helpful for pruritus. Fatigue can be managed with treatment of anemia and optimization of dialysis, but persistent fatigue should prompt screening for depression. Ondansetron, metoclopramide, and haloperidol are effective for uremia-associated nausea. Nondialytic management may be preferable to dialysis initiation in older patients and in those with additional life-limiting illnesses, and may not significantly decrease life expectancy. Delaying dialysis initiation is also an option. Patients with end-stage renal disease should have advance directives, including documentation of situations in which they would no longer want dialysis. (Am Fam Physician. 2012; 85 (7):705-710. Copyright (C) 2012 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“Background: Sequentially ordered multivariate failure time or recurrent event duration data are commonly observed in biomedical longitudinal studies.

We identified six patients (0.4-4 years old) with ten episodes of NO-associated pulmonary edema. Diagnoses included atrioventricular canal defect with mitral Apoptosis Compound Library high throughput valve disease (n = 2), pulmonary atresia and major aorta-pulmonary collateral arteries (n = 2), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (n = 1), and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (n = 1). All patients had evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension, and two had mitral valve disease resulting in clinical evidence of left-sided heart failure. Pulmonary edema improved or resolved within 24 h of discontinuing NO. At cardiac catheterization, mean left atrial pressure was < 15 mmHg in three of

three patients (none with mitral valve disease), whereas pulmonary artery occlusion pressure was > 15 mmHg in two of five patients. In conclusion, we describe six young children with NO-associated pulmonary edema and pulmonary venous hypertension. Only two of these children had left-sided heart failure: Left atrial pressure as well as pulmonary artery occlusion pressure may not be helpful in identifying children at risk for NO-associated pulmonary edema.”
“Objective.

Many traumatized refugees experience both posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. Based on Mutual Maintenance Theory and the Perpetual Avoidance Model, this study examined

the additional effect of physical activity within a biofeedback-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-BF) for traumatized refugees.

Design.

In a controlled design, 36 patients were randomized into one of three conditions (CBT-BF, CBT-BF with physical activity [CBT-BF+active], AZD8931 cell line and a waiting list control group [WL]). Thirty patients (n = 10 in each group) completed the Selleck Galardin treatment and a follow-up assessment 3 months later. Participants’ coping strategies, pain and mental health status, and physiological reactivity were assessed before and after the intervention and at 3-month follow-up. Treatment effects were analyzed using analyses of variance with baseline scores as covariates (ANCOVAs) and the Reliable Change Index.

Results.

The CBT-BF and

CBT-BF+active groups showed improvements in all outcome measures relative to the WL group. The effect sizes for the main outcome measures were higher in the CBT-BF+active group than in the CBT-BF group. Repeated measures analyses of covariance showed significant group effects for coping strategies-in particular, for the “”cognitive restructuring”" and “”counter-activities”" subscales as well as a marginally significant group effect for “”perceived self-competence”"-with the CBT-BF+active group showing more favorable outcomes than the CBT-BF group. Moreover, 60% of participants in the CBT-BF+active group showed clinically reliable intraindividual change in at least one subscale of the pain coping strategies questionnaire, compared with just 30% of participants in the CBT-BF group.

Conclusion.

Paired data for self-report and electronic monitoring were analysed. Measurement of agreement was by Bland-Altman-like plots by visit with calculation of limits of agreement.

Results: For single and combination ICS/LABA therapy, self-report consistently overestimated actual inhaler use assessed by electronic monitoring by a mean of 2.2-8.4 inhalations over a 1-week period, with limits of agreement ranging from +/- 15.8 to 25.6 inhalations. Participants who underused

their inhalers tended to overreport their use, while those who overused tended to underreport their medication find more use. The greater the degree of underuse, the greater the magnitude of overreport, and likewise, the greater the degree of overuse, the greater

the magnitude of underreport.

Conclusions: Self-report is inaccurate in measuring actual use of inhaled asthma treatment with patients who underuse their maintenance therapy overreporting their use and those who overuse their therapy underreporting their use.”
“Objective.

We report a case of acute lower extremity compartment syndrome that was diagnosed despite continuous regional analgesia with 0.2% ropivacaine via femoral and sciatic nerve catheters.

Setting.

Academic tertiary care center.

Study Design.

Report of a clinical case.

Summary.

A 15-year-old boy with adolescent Blount’s disease underwent elective distal femur and proximal tibia osteotomy www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html with external fixation and stabilization of his right leg. The patient’s anesthetic and analgesic management included general anesthesia with adjunctive regional anesthesia via BIX 01294 clinical trial continuous femoral and sciatic

nerve blocks with 0.2% ropivacaine-each block initially infused at 10 mL per hour. On the first postoperative day, the patient reported no pain (0/10 on the visual analog scale, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable). However, on the second postoperative day, the patient reported severe pain despite effective blocks and oral opioid analgesic modalities. Compartment syndrome was diagnosed and treated with decompressive fasciotomy; tissue loss resulted.

Conclusion.

Despite concerns of masking pain that may be secondary to compartment syndrome, this case demonstrates that compartment syndrome can be diagnosed in the presence of effective regional anesthesia. Careful clinical evaluation coupled with a high index of suspicion is essential in the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of compartment syndrome.”
“Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is characterized by paradoxical inspiratory abduction of the vocal cords. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a known trigger. We studied 77 patients referred to a tertiary VCD clinic. VCD was diagnosed in 62, of which 83.9% had proven GORD. Following 8 weeks of acid suppression, 24.2% reported improvement in the severity and frequency of VCD attacks.

Because of these instrument characteristics, the use of ECP is limited in I-BET-762 research buy pediatric patients.

Patients and methods: In 5 patients (age 4 to 15 years) with graft-versus-host disease and

with a body weight between 13 and 34 kilograms, photopheresis was performed using the UVAR (R) XTS (TM) system. In 3 patients ECP could be performed by balancing the ECV with saline infusions. In 2 patients the system was modified in that the instrument was primed with packed red cells. During the treatment, fluid balance was guaranteed by a reservoir from a transfusion bag connected in parallel.

Results: Together 223 procedures were performed, among them 28 with the modification of the system. The treatments were well tolerated, and no episodes of hypotension were observed.

Conclusions: It is possible to run ECP in low-body weight patients with the UVAR (R) XTS (TM) system.”
“Defined by a persistent fear of embarrassment or negative evaluation while engaged in social interaction or public performance, selective HDAC inhibitors social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common psychiatric syndromes. Previous research has made a considerable effort to better understand and assess this mental disorder. However, little attention has been paid to social motor behavior of patients with SAD despite its crucial importance in daily social interactions. Previous research

has shown that the coordination www.selleckchem.com/products/LDE225(NVP-LDE225).html of arm, head or postural movements of interacting people can reflect their mental states or feelings such as social connectedness and social

motives, suggesting that interpersonal movement coordination may be impaired in patients suffering from SAD. The current study was specifically aimed at determining whether SAD affects the dynamics of social motor coordination. We compared the unintentional and intentional rhythmic coordination of a SAD group (19 patients paired with control participants) with the rhythmic coordination of a control group (19 control pairs) in an interpersonal pendulum coordination task. The results demonstrated that unintentional social motor coordination was preserved with SAD while intentional coordination was impaired. More specifically, intentional coordination became impaired when patients with SAD had to lead the coordination as indicated by poorer (i.e., more variable) coordination. These differences between intentional and unintentional coordination as well as between follower and leader roles reveal an impaired coordination dynamics that is specific to SAD, and thus, opens promising research directions to better understand, assess and treat this mental disorder.”
“Models for chemical reaction kinetics typically assume well-mixed conditions, in which chemical compositions change in time but are uniform in space.

After a mean follow-up of 5.3 months, 15 patients were classified as responders: 11 of these became seizure free (5 NFLE, 1 BECTS, 5 with structural lesions) and 4 (2 BECTS, 2 with structural lesions) experienced 75-90% reductions in seizures. Among two nonresponders, seizures in one had failed to resolve with epilepsy surgery. Nine subjects (53%) received monotherapy after dose modification, and none presented with worsening of seizures. Two complained of transient side effects (fatigue/somnolence). Differential dosing led to seizure freedom in 64.7% (11/17) of patients, and

CH5424802 nmr 88.2% (15/17) experienced >= 50% reductions in seizures. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“To elucidate the association between medical procedures and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), we analyzed medical procedures (any surgical procedure, neurosurgery, ophthalmic surgery, and blood transfusion) for patients registered by the CJD Surveillance Committee in Japan during 1999-2008. We conducted an age-stratified case-control study with 753 sCJD patients and 210 controls and a study of patients who underwent neurosurgical or ophthalmic surgical procedures at the same hospital. Although the control group was relatively

small, no evidence was found that prion disease was transmitted through the investigated medical procedures before onset of sCJD. After onset of sCJD, 4.5% of the sCJD patients underwent

operations, including neurosurgical for 0.8% and XR9576 ophthalmic for 1.9%; no special precautions against transmission of prion diseases were taken. Fortunately, Ruboxistaurin datasheet we have not identified patients with prion disease attributed to these operations. Our findings indicate that surgical procedures or blood transfusion had little effect on the incidence of sCJD.”
“Background: Pyronaridine (PN) and chloroquine (CQ) are structurally related anti-malarial drugs with primarily the same mode of action. However, PN is effective against several multidrug-resistant lines of Plasmodium falciparum, including CQ resistant lines, suggestive of important operational differences between the two drugs.

Methods: Synchronized trophozoite stage cultures of P. falciparum strain K1 (CQ resistant) were exposed to 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of PN and CQ, and parasites were harvested from culture after 4 and 24 hours exposure. Global transcriptional changes effected by drug treatment were investigated using DNA microarrays.

Results: After a 4 h drug exposure, PN induced a greater degree of transcriptional perturbation (61 differentially expressed features) than CQ (10 features). More genes were found to respond to 24 h treatments with both drugs, and 461 features were found to be significantly responsive to one or both drugs across all treatment conditions.

We analysed the data using appropriate statistical tests for parametric and nonparametric data and setting the p value at 0.05 for significance.

Ulixertinib order For testing the association between the recurrence of abscess and the presence of underlying congenital anomalies, Fischer’s t test was used.

Results: A total of 215 patients were studied, of which 41 patients presented with recurrence. 26 of the 41 patients (63.4%) had recurrent postauricular abscess with associated congenital anomalies. Among the 26 patients, in 16 patients (62%), the recurrent abscesses were due to postauricular sinuses. Other less common causes were infected post auricular dermoid cyst, first branchial cysts, collaural fistula and congenital aural atresia. There was a statistically significant association of the recurrence of abscess with presence of underlying congenital anomalies.

Conclusion: Paediatric LY2157299 datasheet recurrent postauricular abscesses are rare

in the post antibiotic era. Their presence should alert a treating physician of an underlying congenital anomaly. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Various benzylideneamino-5H-thiochromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of 7-amino-5H-[1] benzothiopyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one and different benzaldehydes. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of Mass, (1)H NMR, IR spectra and elemental analysis. These compounds were screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The results reveal that some compounds have pronounced antioxidant and antibacterial activities.”
“Objective: To examine the outcome of cochlear implantation in children with syndromic deafness, who are increasingly being considered for cochlear implants and who represent a unique challenge to the cochlear implant team.

Method: In this retrospective case series in a tertiary referral cochlear implant centre, we describe a series of 38 children with a clinical syndrome causing deafness who have undergone cochlear implantation. The outcome measures are Bench-Kowal-Bamford (BKB) speech reception score (range 0-100%) and speech perception ability MK-2206 research buy using

the Geers and Moog Speech Reception Score (SRS) (range from 0; no speech perception, to 6; open set recognition of words).

Results: The syndromes identified were Waardenburg syndrome (n = 10), Usher syndrome (n = 9), Pendred syndrome (n = 7), Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (n = 5), CHARGE syndrome (n = 2), and 1 each of Stickler, CINCA (Chronic Infantile Neurological Cutaneous and Articular), Butter, Down, and Donnai-Barrow syndromes. After a minimum of 19 months following implantation, BKB was measurable in 20 of 38 patients, and ranged from 46 to 100% in quiet (median 87%, mean 81%). Eighteen children (55%) achieved a SRS at level six, and a further 8(24%) achieved level five. There was significant variation of outcome between and within syndrome groups.