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J Nutr 2004, 92:411–417.CrossRef 28. Leventhal AG, Wang Y, Pu M, Zhou Y, Ma Y: GABA and its agonists improved visual cortical function in senescent monkeys. Science 2003,300(5620):812–815.CrossRef 29. Hua T, Kao C, Sun Q, Li X, Zhou Y: Decreased proportion of GABA neurons accompanies age-related degradation of neuronal function in cat striate cortex. Brain Res Bull 2008, 75:119–125.CrossRef 30. Song H, Xu X, Wang H, Wang H, Tao Y: Exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid alleviates oxidative damage caused by aluminium and proton GBA3 stresses n barley seedlings. J Sci Food Agric 2010, 90:1410–1416.CrossRef 31. Sivakumar R, Babu PVA, Shyamaladevi CS: Asp and Glu prevents isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2011, 63:137–142.CrossRef 32. Kikugawa K, Beppu M: Involvement of lipid oxidative products in the formation of fluorescent and cross-linked proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 1987, 44:277–296.CrossRef 33. Deng Y, Xu L, Zeng X, Li Z, Qin B, He N: New perspective of GABA as an inhibitor of formation of advanced lipoxidation end-products: it’s interaction with malondiadehyde. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2010, 6:318–324.CrossRef 34.

Infect Immun 1980, 28:899–908.PubMed 56. Wang EW, Agostini G, Olomu O, Runco D, Jung JY, Chole RA: Gentian violet and ferric ammonium citrate disrupt Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Laryngoscope 2008, 118:2050–2056.PubMedCrossRef 57. Strom MS, Lory S: Cloning and expression of the pilin gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK in Escherichia

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of multiple exoproducts in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is under the control of RhlR-RhlI, another set of regulators in strain PAO1 with homology to the autoinducer-responsive LuxR-LuxI family. J Bacteriol 1995, 177:7155–7163.PubMed 61. Jacobs MA, Alwood A, Thaipisuttikul I, Spencer D, Haugen E, Ernst check details S, Will O, Kaul R, Raymond C, Levy R, Chun-Rong L, Guenthner D, Bovee D, Olson MV, Manoil C: Comprehensive transposon mutant library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:14339–14344.PubMedCrossRef 62. Malone CL, Boles BR, Lauderdale KJ, Thoendel M, Kavanaugh JS, Horswill AR: Fluorescent reporters for Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2009, 77:251–260.PubMedCrossRef 63. Smith A, Iglewski BH: Transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by electroporation. Nucleic Acids Res 1989, 17:10509.PubMedCrossRef 64. Hammond A, Dertien J, Colmer-Hamood JA, Griswold JA, Hamood AN: Serum Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase inhibits P. aeruginosa biofilm formation

on plastic surfaces and intravenous catheters. J Surg Res 2010, 159:735–746.PubMedCrossRef 65. O’Toole GA, Kolter R: Initiation of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 proceeds via multiple, convergent signalling pathways: a genetic analysis. Mol Microbiol 1998, 28:449–461.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions CH designed portions of the study, conducted all experiments, and wrote the manuscript. ANH coordinated the project, designed portions of the study, and helped draft and revise the manuscript. JACH analyzed and interpreted data and critically revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The cell envelope of bacterial pathogens is critical for survival both in a host during infection and in the environment outside of the host. As the interface between the bacterium and the outside milieu, the cell envelope acts as a barrier protecting the cell against extracellular PLX-4720 in vitro hazards. Cell envelope structures are also intimately involved in the formation of contacts with host tissues during infection.

vestibularis, is not plausible. Furthermore, the independent colonization

of bovine mammary and human oral mucosae by a putative ancestor originating from a third environment check details is not compatible with these phylogenies unless we assume two distinct yet closely related streptococcal ancestors; one that independently colonized the two ecosystems yielding S. thermophilus and S. vestibularis on the one hand, and S. salivarius on the other. Alternatively, the direct or indirect invasion of the bovine mammary mucosa by an ancestor of S. vestibularis originating from the human oral cavity would also be compatible with the S. vestibularis/S. thermophilus sister-relationship. Conclusion The phylogenetic analyses presented in the present paper strongly support the S. vestibularis/S. thermophilus sister-relationship and the concomitant early divergence of S. salivarius at the base of the salivarius clade, which is in Selleckchem Wortmannin agreement with previous 16S rDNA/sodA-based phylogenetic inferences [2, 14]. One of the main reasons for conducting the present study was the paucity of phylogenetic studies involving all three species making up the salivarius group. Although https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MS-275.html a number of studies that included S. salivarius and S. vestibularis have been published, S. thermophilus has been omitted more often than not since it is not retrieved from human clinical isolates.

Since the complete genome sequences of three S. thermophilus strains are now available, it would be interesting to revisit phylogenetic studies that involve different phylogenetic markers and S. salivarius/S. vestibularis but not S. thermophilus to verify whether the addition of S. thermophilus would result in a similar branching order among salivarius streptococci. Methods Source organisms Streptococcus salivarius strains ATCC 7073 and 25975 and Streptococcus vestibularis strain ATCC 49124 were obtained

from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK Streptococcus salivarius strain K12 was obtained from BLIS Technologies Ltd. (Dunedin, New Zealand). Streptococcus salivarius strains CCUG 32452 and 25922 and Streptococcus vestibularis strains CCUG 7215 and 27306 (renamed S. salivarius strains CCUG 7215 and 27306 herein) were obtained from the University of Göteborg Culture Collection (Göteborg, Sweden). Streptococcus salivarius clinical isolates CCRI 17344 and CCRI 17393 and Streptococcus vestibularis clinical isolate CCRI 17387 were obtained from the Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), CHUL Pavilion (Quebec City, QC, Canada). The identity of the S. vestibularis strains was confirmed by comparative growth on TYE medium containing either raffinose or glucose as the sole carbon source. DNA isolation and sequencing Streptococcal strains were grown in TYE-glucose liquid medium as described in Lévesque et al. [23] or on sheep-blood agar medium overnight at 35°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.

Evidence shows that weight cycling during adolescence can be a major issue, as it might negatively impact growth and development [18]. Importantly, it has been suggested that Selleckchem CFTRinh-172 athletes beginning to cut weight at early ages are at higher risk of weight loss-related

problems [5]. It is worthy to note that the range of body weights of the various weight classes in sports recently included in the Olympics (e.g., female: boxing, wrestling and taekwondo) are considerably broader than the range of those sports with longer tradition in the Olympic Games (e.g., boxing and judo). While the range of the more recent Olympic sports varies around 15%, the difference of the upper limit between two consecutive categories varies around 5–10% in boxing and judo. Thus, an athlete with a body mass at the midpoint of two weight classes in judo and boxing would be more tempted to reduce his/her body mass to a lower class, whilst an athlete in the same condition, but competing in taekwondo, would be less prone to move to lighter class, as the reduction would be more dramatic. However, no study was conducted so far in order to compare weight management behaviors between those combat sports. With regard to the magnitude of weight loss, although most athletes reduce body weight in a range of 2–5%, a considerably high percentage (i.e.,~40%) reduces 5–10% of their body weight [5, 6]. Furthermore, most athletes reported that their greatest body weight

SC79 reduction was of 5–10%; however, many athletes reported reductions of more than 10% of body weight [5, 6, 10]. Such reductions are frequently undertaken in a few days before competitions. In most cases, athletes reduce weight in the week preceding the weigh-in [5,

6, 15]. The Table 1 summarizes the main findings of the studies on the prevalence and magnitude of weight loss in combat sports. Table 1 Weight loss prevalence and magnitude in combat sports’ athletes Sample Prevalence Magnitude Authors SBI-0206965 order Brazilian judo (n = 145) Males: 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl 62.8% Malesa: 5.6 ± 2.2 kg Brito et al.[10] 8.5 ± 4.2% Brazilian jujitsu (n = 155) Males: 56.8% Malesa: 2.9 ± 1.5 kg 4.1 ± 2.0% Brazilian karate (n = 130) Males: 70.8% Malesa: 2.5 ± 1.1 kg 3.6 ± 2.2% Brazilian taekwondo (n = 150) Males: 63.3% Malesa: 3.2 ± 1.2 kg 4.3 ± 3.2% Iranian wrestling (n = 436) 62% 3.3 ± 1.8 kg (5.0 ± 2.6%) Kordi et al.[17] Brazilian judo (n = 822) 86% (all categories) Most of the athletes reduced between 2–5% Artioli et al.[5] 89% (heavyweights excluded) Brazilian judo (n = 105 males and 20 females) Males: 77.1% Males: 4.5 ± 3.5 kg Fabrini et al.[19] Females: 55.0% Females: 1.7 ± 0.8 kg USA judo (n = NR) 70–80% NR Horswill[20] Brazilian Olympic Boxing Team 100% 5.8 kg Perón et al.[13] Canadian taekwondo (n = 28) 53% NR Kazemi et al.[11] USA high school wrestling (n = 2352) 62% 2.9 ± 1.3 kg Kinigham and Gorenflo[21] 4.3 ± 2.3% USA college wrestling (n = 63) 89% 5 kg Steen and Brownell[6] USA high school wrestling (n = 368) 70% 2.

Taraporewala Z, Chen Capmatinib in vivo D, Patton JT: Multimers formed by the rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP2 bind to RNA and have nucleoside triphosphatase activity. J Virol 1999, 73:9934–9943.PubMed 3. Tucker AW, Haddix AC, Bresee JS, Holman RC, Parashar UD, Glass RI: Cost-effectiveness analysis of a rotavirus immunization program for the United States. JAMA 1998, 279:1371–1376.CrossRefPubMed 4. Muller H, Johne R: Rotaviruses: diversity and zoonotic potential–a brief review. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2007, 120:108–112.PubMed 5. Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, Heiman E, Arijs I, Delbeke T, McDonald SM, Palombo EA, Iturriza-Gómara

M, Maes P, Patton J, Rahman M, Van Ranst M: Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-Like and porcine rotavirus strains and human GDC941 DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains. J Virol 2008, 82:3204–3219.CrossRefPubMed 6. Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, Rahman M, Attoui H, Banyai K, Estes MK, Gentsch JR, Iturriza-Gùomara M, Kirkwood CD, Martella V, Mertens PP, Nakagomi O, Patton JT, Ruggeri FM, Saif LJ, Santos N, Steyer A, Taniguchi K, Desselberger I, Van Ranst M: Recommendations for the classification of group A rotaviruses using all 11 genomic RNA segments. Arch Virol 2008, 153:1621–1629.CrossRefPubMed 7. Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP,

Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG: Clustal W and Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics

2007, 23:2947–2948.CrossRefPubMed 8. Needleman SB, Wunsch PU-H71 datasheet CD: A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins. J Mol Biol 1970, 48:443–453.CrossRefPubMed 9. Wilgenbusch JC, Swofford D: Inferring evolutionary trees with PAUP*. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics 2003, Chapter 6:Unit 6.4.PubMed 10. Rahman M, Matthijnssens J, Yang X, Delbeke T, Arijs I, Taniguchi K, Itturiza-Gómara M, Iftekharuddin N, Azim T, Van Ranst M: Evolutionary history and global spread of the emerging g12 human rotaviruses. J Virol 2007, 81:2382–2390.CrossRefPubMed 11. Matthijnssens J, Rahman M, Yang X, Delbeke T, Arijs I, Kabue JP, Muyembe JJ, Van Ranst M: G8 rotavirus strains isolated in the Democratic Republic of Congo belong to the DS-1-like genogroup. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:1801–1809.CrossRefPubMed 12. Desselberger U, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gray JJ: Rotavirus epidemiology and surveillance. Novartis Found Symp 2001, 238:125–147.CrossRefPubMed 13. Bao Y, Bolotov P, Dernovoy D, Kiryutin B, Tatusova T: FLAN: a web server for influenza virus genome annotation. Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35:W280-W284.CrossRefPubMed 14. Kuiken C, Yusim K, Boykin L, Richardson R: The Los Alamos hepatitis C sequence database. Bioinformatics 2005, 21:379–384.CrossRefPubMed 15. Rozanov M, Plikat U, Chappey C, Kochergin A, Tatusova T: A web-based genotyping resource for viral sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32:W654-W659.CrossRefPubMed 16.

2 mM of the drug (Figure 5D-F). We detected important decrease in the microfilament density in the peripheral cytoplasm and an accumulation of fragmented F-actin near the nucleus in HT-144 cells treated with the higher drug concentration. Figure 5 Effects of cinnamic acid on microfilaments organization of HT-144 cells. Hedgehog inhibitor images obtained by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy of phalloidin FITC-conjugated staining (green) preparations: A,B,C) HT-144 control cells; D,E,F) HT-144 cells treated PFT�� solubility dmso with 3.2 mM cinnamic acid. DNA was counterstained with propidium iodide (red). Note the stress fiber formation in control cells (above) and the decreasing of peripheral actin filaments

and perinuclear accumulation of F-actin in treated groups

(below). Figure 6 Cytoskeleton organization in NGM control cells. F-actin (green) was stained with phalloidin FITC-conjugated. Microtubules (blue) were labeled with anti-α and β tubulin and secondary antibody CY-5-conjugated. DNA was counterstained with propidium iodide (red). Note the stress fiber formation (actin filaments). The cells showed a microtubule network that was very finely departed from the centrosome region near the nucleus. We can also observe a mitotic cell (right column). The images were obtained by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy. We also observed microtubule disruption in HT-144 cells after treatment with cinnamic acid. Cells treated with 0.4 mM cinnamic acid maintained a normal distribution of microtubules, whereas treatment Ricolinostat nmr with 3.2 mM induced very diffuse labeling in the cytoplasm with accumulation around the cell

nuclei (Figure 7). Figure 7 Effects of cinnamic acid on microtubules organization of HT-144 cells. Images obtained by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy of anti-tubulin immunofluorescence (blue) preparations: A) interphasic HT-144 control cells; B) mitotic HT-144 control cell; C,D) HT-144 cells treated with 3.2 mM cinnamic acid. DNA was counterstained with propidium iodide (red). We can observe selleck compound cells with a microtubule network that was very finely departed from the centrosome region near the nucleus (up left) and a normal mitosis (up right). On the other hand, we found cells with microtubule disorganization and tubulin bunches near the nuclei. Treatment with 3.2 mM cinnamic acid induced robust morphological changes in some NGM cells. In addition to changes that occurred in less than 2% of the cases, a cytoskeletal analysis revealed the presence of coiled actin filaments and microtubules (Figure 8). Moreover, the nuclei exhibited an alteration in their morphology, which were observed in NGM cells that were treated with 3.2 mM cinnamic acid; however, a low frequency was observed when compared to HT-144 cells. There was no cytoskeleton reorganization in the NGM cells treated with 0.4 mM of the drug. Figure 8 Cytoskeleton organization in NGM cells treated with 3.2 mM cinnamic acid. The cells were treated with the drug for 48 hours.

Discussion The high correlations of the 2D HSA measurements of CSA, CSMI, and Z with the 3D QCT gold standard measurements provide support for the validity of interpreting these parameters as being highly correlated to these physical parameters. This is an important point as the HSA algorithm and DXA manufacturer equipment used in this study have already been utilized in many published clinical studies. Because the calibration standards for bone mass differ between the selleck screening library two modalities measurements and because they handle bone marrow fat and partial volume effects differently, it is not surprising that the slopes for CSA,

essentially a measurement of the BMC in an ROI, differed from Sapanisertib datasheet unity. This mass measurement difference also affected CSMI and Z. However, as noted in

the Methods section, there is a further difference for CSMI and Z because the DXA HSA measurements are limited to calculating these values in the DXA planar projection (CSMIHSA and ZHSA, which are around the v axis in Fig. 1), whereas the QCT measurements utilize the 3D data and were calculated around the w (polar) axis. These differences limit the comparison to correlations; thus, individual measurements cannot be substituted one for the other without adjustments which may be population or technician dependent. It is important to note that both the width and FNAL results indicated a high degree of agreement in absolute terms between DXA and QCT despite the use of a fan beam DXA device. Geometrical measurements on fan beam DXA devices are impaired by magnification effects if the bone being measured is not at the height above the table estimated by the scanner software. Based on in vitro studies, some have speculated that fan beam DXA may cause significant errors in geometrical measurements [28–30]. These concerns are not supported by the data in this study of elderly women Tacrolimus (FK506) with BMI 25.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2, where there was

no evidence for magnification in the population as a whole, as demonstrated by slopes that were nearly unity. Nor did fan beam magnification have an appreciable effect on individual subject results, as the SEEs ranged from only 0.7 to 2.2 mm. While this study does not rule out the possibility that there is a measurable magnification effect in vivo in men or severely obese women, it sets limits on the size of the magnification effect in a typical clinical population. Another possible source of error contributing to the standard error of the estimate (SEE) of FNAL was patient PI3K inhibitor positioning. The FNAL results were calculated independently on the DXA image and QCT dataset without co-registration; thus, if the femur neck during the DXA exam was not positioned parallel to the table in some subjects, it would appear shorter by varying amounts and would cause an increase in the SEE of the correlation.

In a study carried EPZ5676 mouse out with adolescents and young male hockey players, a significant part of the participants (84.0%) stated that skipping

meal was not a good way to lose weight [10]. The micronutrients vitamins and minerals also have an important role in the health of athletes. They are essential players in energy production, hemoglobin synthesis, bone health, immune function, and antioxidant activity [18]. More than half of participants (64.1%) correctly Cell Cycle inhibitor answered the statement “”vitamins are good sources of energy”" as false. In the previous studies, the rate of people having the correct knowledge on this matter was quite low [8, 16, 23]. Especially, the statements related to nutritional contents were answered at lower rates, which demonstrated the insufficiency

of the education on nutrition or the short retention periods of education. Students did not have sufficient knowledge on nutrition, which was one of the main reasons affecting the performance of sportsmen; for this reason, the education system should be reviewed in this regard. Food that is easily digested and absorbed by body should be preferred soon after the training. This includes fruit, bread, cereal, skimmed milk, yoghurt, juice, and sports drinks which are richer than carbohydrate and include low fat. On the other hand, some other foods including coke, chocolate, biscuits, chips, and lait crémeux should not be consumed as they are flatulent and remain in the stomach for a long time [11]. Only a small proportion of the participant (25.1%) students mTOR inhibitor answered that “”the food like chocolate, biscuit and chips are not appropriate for consuming after the training”". This indicated that students did not have enough

knowledge about the food they consumed after the training. Timing of food consumption based on the time of a competition or exercise event is important. C1GALT1 The ability to perform and recover from exercise can be positively or negatively affected by dietary intake before, during, and after the event. The pre-event meal should be low in fat, fiber, and caffeine; moderate in protein; and high in complex carbohydrates and fluid. Meals are best consumed at least 3-4 hours before the competition to minimize gastric distress, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and sluggishness [13]. The majority of the students (81.6%) correctly answered the statement “”the last meal should be consumed 3-4 hours before the competition”". Over half of the students (66.8%) correctly answered the statement “”bananas are good sources of potassium”". Potassium is a cation, and the major intracellular electrolyte. It is the third most abundant mineral in the body and a component of muscle. Potassium is also needed for the maintenance of fluid balance [20]. There is 370 mg potassium in 1000 g banana [24]. A small part of the participants (14.

The mean diameters measured from approximately 100 randomly selected particles from each group were found to be 24.2 ± 3.6, 20.0 ± 3.6, 15.8 ± 3.6, and 10.5 ± 2.4 nm for groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. As the rotational speed

increased, the MNP diameters decreased, with significant differences between adjacent groups (P < 0.01). The hydrodynamic diameter distributions of the MNPs in the four groups were Gaussian-like, with values of 65.5 ± 14.0, 38.9 ± 9.1, 23.1 ± 6.0, and 18.5 ± 4.4 nm (Figure 2a) and volume ratios of 29%, 48%, 13%, and 10% for groups A to D, respectively. Further, from the measured volume ratios in Figure 2a, the highest MNP volume was observed for group B; groups C and D could also provide an adequate quantity of

Lorlatinib uniform-sized MNPs for use in applications that require very small sized (approximately 10 nm) MNPs. The amount Vismodegib supplier of synthesized MNPs from group D was approximately 0.5 g, which could be easily scaled-up using a larger reaction vessel. Figure 1 TEM images of the four MNP groups. The TEM images show that the particles were well dispersed and size-regulated according to the group. The mean diameters for the four groups were 24.2 ± 3.6, 20.0 ± 3.6, 15.8 ± 3.6, and 10.5 ± 2.4 nm, for groups a to d, respectively. Figure 2 Relative size distributions of separated MNP groups and correlation between DLS and TEM results. selleckchem Relative size distributions of separated MNP groups in aqueous solution measured by DLS (a) and a graph showing correlation between DLS and TEM results (b). The mean DLS diameters for the four groups, A to D, were 65.5 ± 14.0, 38.9 ± 9.1, 23.1 ± 6.0, and 18.5 ± 4.4 nm, respectively, with relative volumes of 29% (A), 49% (B),

12% (C), and 10% (D) as measured by integration of the DLS spectra. The mean diameter of the MNPs, as measured by TEM and DLS, decreased ADAMTS5 as the centrifugation speed decreased (Figure 2b), indicating that the MNP particles synthesized by the coprecipitation method were well separated and clearly resolved into the four groups by the different centrifugation speeds. Using the organometallic method reported by others, the particle size of MNPs can be easily controlled, with a narrower diameter distribution achievable in comparison to the combined coprecipitation and centrifugation methods described here. However, the amount of MNPs that can be synthesized in a single process is quite small, and these have the added disadvantage of being hydrophobic. A coating is therefore necessary in order to render these MNPs hydrophilic and to enable them to be used for functions such as drug loading, targeting, or imaging probes (PET or fluorescence). Even though the size distribution of MNPs synthesized by the coprecipitation method was large, huge amounts of size-controlled MNPs were obtained by combining the method with a simple centrifugation process.

This information material is mostly in Italian and written in plain language and includes: booklets, brochures, articles, mailing lists, books containing testimonies relating to health facilities, associations and help lines, forums, blogs and social networks. The most of it concerns the subject area of oncology, but other fields of biomedicine are foreseen for inclusion. The distinctive feature of all

material considered for indexing in Cignoweb.it is represented by the quality assessment performed on the entered material. The Cignoweb.it editors hope that the prototype could support other European countries in enhancing the structure and organization of the patient health information produced in their own national languages. In this way, Cignoweb.it will contribute

to support ideas and actions aimed at building a common health information MK-4827 in vivo portal in the European Union. In GDC-0941 mouse particular, Cignoweb.it is trying to collaborate with the EU project EUROCANCERCOMS BIBW2992 purchase [24]. This EU coordination and support action aims to establish an integrated model for a Europe-wide cancer information and policy exchange portal that will provide a functional exchange system for accurate information and intelligence, catering to the needs of health professionals, patients and policy makers. To address this, a consortium will conduct an inventory of all existing information tools, their faults and flaws and requirements for the future. Cignoweb.it represents the Italian contribution to the building of a European Area for Cancer Information. Standardized metadata for Thymidylate synthase aggregating Italian biomedical publications Repositories contain metadata, say “”meta information”" (data about data). They can be defined

as structured data which describe the characteristics of a data set and how the data themselves are formatted. Metadata refer, for instance, to authors, abstract, subject, rights and other elements describing an item in a standardized format. According to Ed Simons “”Metadata allow us to describe and classify research information in a systematic way, and as such they are indispensable for searching and finding academic publications and other results of research.”" [25] In addition to traditional metadata (formal and content ones) commonly used in repositories, new types of metadata should be considered for inclusion: the context metadata. They add high value to the single lists of publications shown in a repository as they lead to discover all the information around a publication, for instance the institutions and the researchers involved, the research project, the publication results from, the funding program, patents etc.