The tumor in the gastric corpus was resected using a full thickness resection technique with the Plicator, which has previously been reported by our group. In the other cases, a submucosal tunneling technique was used. All tumors were resected completely. Histology revealed a GIST with

low mitotic activity in case 1, a fibrotic cyst in case 2, a granulosa cell tumor in case 3 and an adenomyoma in case 4. In all cases, histology confirmed complete resection oft the tumor. No serious complications occurred. In case 1 the Plicator endoscopic sewing device was used to place two full-thickness resorbable sutures at the base of the tumor. The tumor was then resected with a snare. The two sutures ensured gastric wall patency during and after endoscopic resection of the tumor. In the other cases, a submucosal tunneling technique as previously described in the POEM procedure was used to gain BIRB 796 datasheet submucosal access to the tumor. A mucosal incision http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html was created 5-10 cm proximal to the tumor after lifting the mucosa by injection of a tolouidin blue and glycerosterile.

Submucosal tunneling was performed using the TT knife with spray coagulation to dissect submucosal fibres. After identifying the tumor in the submucosal tunnel it was then carefully dissected from the mucosa and extracted with a snare or a forceps. The mucosal incision was closed using standard clips or an OTSC clip. In one case, the tumor could not be separated from the muosa, so the tumor was then resected in ESD-technique. In this case series, different techniques for resection of subepithelial tumors are described. Full thickness suturing before snare resection was discribed previously to be safe and effective for resection of gastric GISTs. Submucosal tunneling and subsequent submucosal tumor resection offers a new and safe way for resection of not only esophageal but also gastric tumors.

Compared to standard ESD techniques it allows very good direct visualisation of the tumor Megestrol Acetate in the submucosa. In addition, it harbors the advantage of leaving the resection site covered with an intact mucosal layer and thereby minimizing the risk of peritonitis or mediastinitis in case of accidental perforation of the gastric or esophageal wall. Larger case series and clinical studies are needed to further evaluate this method. “
ectomy is a safe and effective approach to thoroughly clear SB polyps when surgery is indicated, and this combined approach of intensive small bowel surveillance may reduce the incidence of future polyp-related morbidity. “
“Although different techniques have been reported, endoscopic resection of subepithelial tumors remains challenging. In this case series we discribe different approaches focusing on a submucosal tunneling technique. Between October and November 2012, 4 patients recieved endoscopic resection of subepithelial tumors in the upper GI tract.

Thus, in continuation of our previous work, which led to Pexidartinib solubility dmso the development of a prototype ECC ergocycle,5 and in the absence of any specific device to measure power output for the ECC ergometer, we decided to test a simplified procedure using a prior CON exercise to determine the

plantar pressure that corresponded to a comfortable pedaling power (CPP) and to use this CPP workload to start ECC training. The aims of this study, conducted on healthy subjects, were therefore (1) to evaluate the feasibility and safety of this simplified procedure to determine an intensity level of exercise corresponding to a moderate demand in ECC training, with this level based on the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during prior CON exercise; and (2) to study the acute cardiocirculatory, respiratory, and metabolic responses to this level of ECC exercise using the prototype ergocycle, and to compare these data with similar data in CON exercise. Eighteen subjects (15 men, 3 women) were recruited

in this study (see Supplemental Appendix 1, available online only at http://www.archives-pmr.org/, for detailed description of participants) according to the following inclusion criteria: men or women Forskolin supplier aged between 18 and 40 years; no musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, Cobimetinib cell line or neurologic disorder; stable anthropometric characteristics for at least 1 year; and no other activities with a large amount of ECC contraction for at least 6 months before the study (running was tolerated except for prolonged downhill running). The main characteristics of the participants are shown in table 1. Informed consent was obtained from all participants after they were informed of all the potential risks and benefits of participating in the study, as required by the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was registered in French “Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament”

(ANSM) database under reference no. 2009-A01265-52. Participants came to the laboratory for 2 sessions, for a total of 3 bouts of exercise. We aimed to determine a comfortable level of CON exercise to then adapt the intensity to ECC pedaling. We used the 6- to 20-point Borg scale,17 which has been shown to be reliable for assessing subjective RPE in a healthy population.18 After making sure the participants understood the instructions for the RPE rating, they were asked to perform a CON exercise on a standard CON ergocycle,a to determine a CPP. The exercise consisted of pedaling at 60 revolutions per minute (rpm), starting at an initial power of 50W, followed by an incremental increase of 25W every minute.

Seeds of the cherry tomato variety ‘Season Red’ were sown in trays (40 × 30 cm) and seedlings

were grown for 40 days in a nursery in a shade house (30–32 °C, 60–80% RH, and 14:10 h L:D photoperiod) using the standard agronomic practices of the area (Schulub and Yudin, 2002). Experiments were conducted at the University of Guam Agricultural Experiment Station at Yigo (N 13° 31.930′ E 144° 52.351′) in northern Guam and at the Inarajan Experiment Station (N 13° 61.963′ E 144° 45.353′) in southern Guam. Treatment plots (8 × 8 m) were arranged in a randomized block design and separated from other plots by 1.0 m buffer zones to prevent contamination from pesticide drift. Identical trials were conducted from June–September 2012 at Yigo and this website August–November 2013 at Inarajan. Thirty five tomato seedlings per plot that were 40 days old were transplanted with 75 cm spacing between rows and an average of 91.4 cm between plants within rows. Three replicates of each of the 11 treatments resulted in a total of 33 plots for each experiment. Each plot consisted of 5 rows of 12 tomato plants, for a total of 60 plants per plot. The total area of the experimental tomato field was 480 m2

at each site. Fertilizer applications followed those of Schulub and Yudin (2002). Nine chemical application treatments check details consisting of single products or combinations of products, a water spray control and a no spray control were applied to plots (Table 1). Carbaryl and malathion applications were

made at the set time intervals normally practiced by Guam farmers (Table 2). The amount of spray solution per application was 95 L/ha for small plants (up to 45 days after transplanting/DAT) and 190.0 L/ha Loperamide for larger ones (45 DAT until harvest). All the chemicals were applied with motorized backpack sprayers (Solo Brand; Forestry Suppliers, Jackson, Mississippi) equipped with an adjustable, flat spray, hollow cone, jet stream nozzle, with pressure (45 psi = 310 kPa) calibrated to deliver desired quantity of spray per hectare. To determine T. marianae population levels, 10 plants were selected randomly per plot and for each plant, three leaves were checked, one from the top, middle and bottom of the plant ( Reddy et al., 2013). On the underside of each leaf, mites were counted using a magnifying lens. Leaf counts were repeated weekly, and in addition the number of leaves (mite-infested leaves) infested by T. marianae of the 30 leaves examined per plot was also recorded. The term “mite-infested leaves” means a leaf is characterized as “infested” when one or more mite individuals of any developmental stage was recorded on the underside. In practice such a leaf (with only 1-2 mites) may not be regarded as “infested” by tomato growers. Larval infestation levels were estimated by randomly examining 60 unripe fruit per plot (one fruit per plant) and recording the number of H. armigera larvae and damaged fruit ( Kuhar et al., 2006).

The supernatant collected were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 4 min and the concentration of Dox in the cell lysates was measured in

a fluorometer (FLx800, BioTek) at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and an emission wavelength of 590 nm. Results are expressed as micrograms of Dox per milligrams of cellular protein. Protein concentration of the cell lysates was determined using Coomassie plus protein assay reagent and bovine serum albumin as standards (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Confocal fluorescence Selleck KU-60019 microscopy was used to observe the intracellular uptake and distribution of Dox from PST-Dox nanoparticles and the standard Dox. Adherent cancer cells (HCT116 and MCF-7) were grown overnight in 12 mm circular glass coverslips with 10 % DMEM for 24 hours. Cells were incubated with PST-Dox nanoparticles (1 μg/ml) for 2 h and 6 h or Dox (1 μg/ml) for 6 h. The cells in the cover slips were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, counterstained with DAPI and mounted with DPX on a clean glass slide. Slides were observed under a fluorescence confocal microscope (NIKON A1R, USA) and were analyzed using NIS Elements software. The confocal microscopy settings were kept the same between samples. Doxorubicin excitation and

emission occurred at 485 nm and 595 nm whereas for DAPI, excitation and emission occurred at 405 nm and 450 nm respectively. Images were acquired in 60x optical zoom (Plan Apo VC 60x Oil DIC N2 DIC N2). Female AZD2014 BALB/c mice were maintained in well-ventilated cages with free access to normal mouse food and water provided ad libitum. Temperature (25 ± 2°C) and humidity (50 ± 5%) was regulated and the illumination cycle was set to 12 h light/dark. Animal protocols were reviewed and approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) and Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision Florfenicol of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), India and the experiments were performed as summarized in Figure 1. Briefly, animals were divided into four groups.

All groups had mice inoculated with either DLA or EAC on Day 1, except for group 4, where the cells were injected on Day 8. Group 1 was treated only once (day 2) with compounds. In group 2, compounds were administered on days 2 to 15. Group 3 had compounds administered on days 9 to 22. Group 4 received prophylactic treatment of compounds from day 1 to 7. Each of these groups had four treatment protocols – PBS (vehicle or control), PST001 (100 mg/kg), PST-Dox nanoparticles (2.25 mg/kg) and Dox (2.25 mg/kg) under subgroups (n = 12/sub group). Six animals from the group were used for survival analysis. Vehicle and the compounds were administered once daily by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The mean survival time and percentage of increment in life span (% ILS) was calculated as previously reported [25] and [32]. EAC cells (1×106 cells) were injected subcutaneously with a fine needle (31G) to develop solid tumors in the hind limb of mice (n = 6/group).

Regarding the histomorphometric findings, no significant statistical difference was found between groups in terms of

bone to implant contact (%BIC) and the amount of bone located adjacent to the threads of the mini-implant (%BA), regardless of the different loading times (Table 4). In general, the areas under tension and compression (Table 5) along with maxillary and mandibular insertion sites (Table 6) also presented no differences regarding %BIC and %BA. The finding that low-intensity immediate or early orthodontic static loads did not affect mini-implant stability is in agreement with other studies.9, 19 and 25 Even so, bone formation at the areas of tension and compression remains controversial. In accordance with our findings (Table 5), some authors9, 16 and 29 observed no differences selleck products between the compression and tension sides of the mini-implants. To the contrary, Büchter et al.28 and Wehrbein et al.30 affirmed that bone deposition in compression areas could be influenced by different force magnitude. Concerning the comparison between the two jaws, Zhang et al.31 affirmed that mini-implants in the mandible obtained higher initial stability, and over time the maxilla could provide better eventual stability

for mini-implants than the mandible. In the current study, this pattern was not observed between the two jaws. The present results showed that check details different loading time point, areas of interest (compression and tension) and location of insertion (maxilla and mandible) did not affect mini-implant stability. However, the extrapolation of these results to clinical situations should be carried out with caution because the use of animals has a disadvantage in that they are never uniform in physiological traits, which can cause wide inter-animal variation in the data, as confirmed in the present study. These wide variations were observed both for the loaded and unloaded mini-implants.

Thus, low-intensity immediate or early orthodontic loads did not affect mini-implant stability, since similar histomorphometric ID-8 results were observed for all the groups. Histomorphometric analysis revealed only partial osseointegration of the mini-implants, the nature of which was similar across groups. Partial osseointegration of such mini-implants is a desirable characteristic of devices used temporarily to provide anchorage during orthodontic treatment. Funding: National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq). Competing interests: We do not have a significant financial or professional interest in any company, product, or service mentioned in the article.

Furthermore, healthy control subjects showed no such task-specific effect. The behavioural mentalising deficit here was associated with grey matter changes in brain regions (the anterior temporal lobe and ventro-medial PFC) previously

implicated in mentalising both in the healthy brain and in disease (Gallagher and Frith, 2003; Carrington and Bailey, 2009). In particular, the anterior medial prefrontal and right anterior temporal cortical associations here were in proximity to areas identified in a previous study of mentalising in music (Steinbeis and Koelsch, 2009). Furthermore, the neuroanatomical associations we have identified are in line with previous evidence for the brain substrates of mentalising in other modalities in bvFTD (Gregory et al., 2002; Kipps et al., 2009b). The positive correlation of grey matter in anterior temporal cortex with musical Selleck Sirolimus mentalising ability accords with previous evidence that this region abstracts information relevant to social concept processing (Zahn et al., 2009). The inverse correlation of grey matter in PFC with performance in the non-mentalising condition may imply that relative sparing of mentalising regions (in the context of more widespread associated brain damage) interferes with analysis of music for non-mental representations.

Atrophy of inferior frontal lobe cortex has previously been shown to be an early feature Selleck Pirfenidone of bvFTD (Perry et al., 2006): though detailed longitudinal behavioural studies are presently lacking, a strong prima facie case could be made on both clinical and neuroimaging grounds that mentalising ability may be a sensitive and early indicator of incipient bvFTD. Caution is needed in interpreting the present

VBM results, since the patient cohort was relatively small in relation to the known clinical and anatomical heterogeneity of bvFTD (Rohrer et al., 2011). However, acknowledging this caveat, we would argue based on the present evidence that music is a promising model Sunitinib order system to capture ToM dysfunction and perhaps thereby assist in the early detection of bvFTD: musical mentalising requires representation of abstract qualities from a complex stimulus, for which (unlike real-life social scenarios) stimulus properties can be manipulated relatively precisely. Aside from their clinical implications, our findings speak to certain key issues in the neurobiology of music and social cognition more generally. The neurobiological study of music is challenging, as there are currently no adequate non-human models of music processing and music is typically invested with extensive socio-cultural associations that are at least partly learned.

urticae. Both azygosporogenesis and zygosporogenesis could be seen in the same individuals ( Fig. 3A). Zygospores formed at the conjugation point between two hyphal bodies ( Fig. 3A and B), and azygospores bud from any position on the hyphal body (not shown). We had few observations of nuclei in this strain due to few mites with resting spores, but in one mite, 1–3 nuclei were observed learn more in immature azygospores (not shown). Mature resting spores displayed two nuclei (not shown) but whether these were azygo- or zygospores could not be confirmed. Both azygo- and zygosporogenesis were also found in N. floridana-killed T. urticae

cadavers collected from the two different strawberry locations (Lier and Kise) in Norway ( Fig. 3C and D). Immature resting spores were seen with 1–3 nuclei but mostly two nuclei were observed ( Fig. 3C). Mature resting spores in some cadavers displayed two nuclei ( Fig. 3E) but whether these were azygo- or zygospores were not Ku-0059436 clinical trial possible to confirm. We were not able to observe resting spore in top-down-views and were therefore not able to see the fenestrae, but we were able to indicate azygosporogenesis by observing the remnants from the attachment of one hyphal body (gametangium) (Fig. 3F) and to indicate zygosporogenesis by observing the remnants from attachment

of two gametangia (Fig. 3G). Further, Fig. 3H indicates azygo- and zygosporogenesis in the same mite given that both the two structures shown in Fig. 3F and G is present in the same individual. Most mature resting spores had distinct remnants from the attachment to the hyphal body/bodies (Fig. 3F–H). The mature resting spores in the Norwegian strains were usually globose to subglobose, and they were surrounded by a dark brown melanized rough episporium (Fig. 3E–H) but in some cadavers resting spores had an ellipsoidal shape and smooth episporium (not shown). The cadavers were not totally filled with resting spores (Fig. 3I) as with the Brazilian strain. Formation of both conidia and resting spores in the same mite was commonly seen (Fig.

3J). In this study we have documented the formation of azygospores in the Brazilian strain and both azygo- and zygospore formation in Norwegian strains of N. floridana-infected T. urticae. Dichloromethane dehalogenase This is the first full confirmation of the formation of azygospores in N. floridana-infected T. urticae. Weiser (1968) was, however, the first to report azygospore formation in N. (=Triplosporium) tetranychi in T. althaeae in Czechoslovakia, and his illustration of azygospore formation and the shape of the resting spores is comparable with our observations for the Brazilian N. floridana strain. Weiser (1968) did not observe any conjugation of hyphal bodies and hence no zygospore formation. In earlier unpublished studies, only zygosporogenesis was, however, observed for Brazilian strains of N. floridana and Neozygites tanajoae. Mietkiewski et al. (1993) observed no conjugation of hyphal bodies in Polish material of N. floridana in T.

01 mol/L sulfuric

acid Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor as eluent at 0.4 mL/min flowrate. The column was calibrated for at least 3 h before use, utilizing the same solution under the same conditions as the separation. Fig. 1 shows the acidification profiles of milk (A) and milk supplemented with 40 mg of inulin/g (B) by pure cultures of S. thermophilus (St) and L. rhamnosus (Lr) and a co-culture of S. thermophilus with L. rhamnosus (St–Lr) at 42 °C until reaching pH 4.5. It should be noted that the time to complete the fermentation depended not only on inulin addition but also on possible interactions between these two microorganisms. In the presence of inulin, the time to complete the fermentations by the St–Lr co-culture and the pure cultures of St and Lr was 48.1, 13.9 and 8.7% shorter than without inulin, respectively (panel A). Such a marked effect demonstrates that inulin stimulated the metabolism of both microorganisms, thus confirming its

prebiotic effect already reported for lactobacilli ( Donkor et al., 2007, Makras et al., 2005 and Oliveira et al., 2009a). The very long fermentation time of pure Lr culture (15.0 h) could have been due either to the need of this microorganism to co-metabolize selleck chemicals llc citrate or to the inducible feature of its citrate transport system ( Jyoti et al., 2004), while the quicker fermentation by the co-culture with respect to the single cultures could have been the result of synergistic effects between St and Lr. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the fermentation behavior in skim milk of St, Lr, and St–Lr, without and with 40 mg of inulin/g, respectively. The most evident characteristics of these fermentations are: (1) the higher growth of S. thermophilus

with respect to L. rhamnosus, (2) the partial consumption of lactose, (3) the formation of lactic acid as the major metabolic product, and of acetic acid and ethanol as typical co-products of heterolactic fermentation, (4) the release of galactose, as the result of its slow metabolization, and (5) the accumulation of diacetyl and acetoin in the medium at very low levels. Fig. 2 clearly shows Pyruvate dehydrogenase that both mono-cultures as well as the co-culture fermented mainly the glucose moiety of lactose, while a relevant portion of galactose was excreted in the medium. However, the pure culture of Lr was shown to metabolize 6 g/100 g more galactose than that of St and the St–Lr co-culture. This behavior may be explained by the weak transcription from gal promoters or mutations in the Leloir genes by many strains of S. thermophilus ( de Vin et al., 2005). Moreover, according to Tsai and Lin (2006), in L. rhamnosus, the galactose moiety of lactose could be metabolized also by two alternative pathways, specifically the Leloir and the tagatose 6-phosphate pathways. As a result, the final production of lactic acid by the Lr pure culture was little higher (9.8 g/L) than by both the St pure culture (9.2 g/L) and the St–Lr co-culture (9.2 g/L).

For serum bactericidal assays with exogenous complement, 5 μl viable bacteria in log-growth phase was added to 45 μl of a mix of PBS-diluted heat-inactivated serum and baby rabbit serum (BRS). Test serum was heat-inactivated by incubating at 56 °C for 30 min. BRS were from AbD Serotec (Kidlington, UK) and Pel-Freez/Invitrogen (Milan, Italy). 5 μl Salmonellae at 3 h log-growth phase was mixed with 45 μl 10% serum (final Salmonella concentration 2 × 108 CFU/ml) as previously described ( MacLennan et al., 2008). Antibody bound to bacteria was detected with FITC-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-mouse IgG, IgA and IgM antibody (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) prior to FACS analysis on a FACSCanto instrument

(BD Biosciences, Milan, Italy). Overnight bacterial cultures were washed with 0.9% PF-01367338 molecular weight (w/v) NaCl and boiled in a solution of 60 mM Tris–HCl, 2% (v/v) SDS and 1 mM EDTA pH 6.8. RNase/DNase solution (Sigma-Aldrich) was Trametinib order then added at a final concentration of 100 μg/ml and incubated at 37 °C. Following this, proteinase K (Sigma-Aldrich) was added at a final concentration of 50 μg/ml. The LPS mixture was incubated overnight at 50 °C and then stored at 4 °C until use. Tris–acetate sample buffer (Invitrogen) was added to the extracted LPS. The mixture was then boiled and separated on a 16% Tricine gel (Invitrogen). After electrophoresis, the gel was fixed in 40% ethanol, 5% acetic acid for an hour before a

5 min incubation with an addition of 0.7% periodic acid. After three washes with distilled water, the gel was stained with 0.04 M AgNO3, 0.013% (v/v) NH4OH, and 0.0187 M NaOH and developed with 0.5% (v/v) citric acid and 0.05% (v/v) formaldehyde until the appropriate

staining intensity was achieved. The reaction was terminated with 5% methanol (Tsai and Frasch, 1982). All three Salmonella isolates used in the study, S. Typhimurium D23580, S. Typhimurium LT2 and S. Paratyphi A CVD1901, were morphologically smooth with long-chain lipopolysaccharide, as indicated by the characteristic ladder appearance of O-antigen repeating units of lipopolysaccharide visualized by SDS-PAGE with silver-staining ( Fig. 1). This indicates Montelukast Sodium that any susceptibility to serum killing is not due to the absence of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen chain. We confirmed by flow cytometry that all sera used contained IgG, IgA and IgM against the three bacterial isolates. BRS did not contain any IgG, IgA and IgM against the isolates ( Fig. 2). We examined the bactericidal activity of diluted fresh human serum in SBA against the three Salmonella isolates. When used undiluted, all three human sera killed the isolates (where killing is defined as any reduction in viable bacterial count compared with the initial Salmonella concentration). More specifically, all three human sera killed S. Typhimurium D23580 by 2–3 log10 and S. Typhimurium LT2 by 3 log10 at 180 min, while S.

nafi2014.com 27th International Symposium on Polymer INK 128 price Analysis and Characterization 16-18 June 2014 Les Diablerets, Switzerland Internet: http://www.ispac-conferences.org/ IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo 21-24 June 2014 New Orleans, USA Internet: www.ift.org IPC 2014 – International Conference on Probiotics and Prebiotics 24-26 June 2014 Budapest, Hungary Internet: www.probiotic-conference.net

American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting 20-24 July 2014 Kansas City, MO, USA Internet: www.adsa.org International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Congress 27 July-1 August 2014 Montreal, Canada Internet: http://www.montrealiums2014.org/ 12th Sensometrics Meeting 30 July-1 August 2014 Chicago, USA Internet: http://www.pk.research.com/sensometrics 2014 IUFoST World Congress 17-21 August 2014 Montreal, Canada Internet: http://iufost2014.org ICoMST 17-21 August 2014 Punta del Este, Uruguay Internet: http://icomst2014.org Joint International 14th Congress of MPU and 1st ISM Mediterranean Branch Meeting 25-29 August 2014 Istanbul, Turkey Internet: www.mpu-ism2014.org Food Micro 2014 1-4 September 2014 Nantes, France Internet:

www.foodmicro2014.org 7th International Whey Conference 7-9 September 2014 Rotterdam, The Netherlands Selleckchem Caspase inhibitor Internet: www.iwc2014.com European Sensory Science Symposium 7-10 September 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark Internet: www.eurosense.elsevier.com IDF World Dairy Summit 24-27 October 2014 Tel Aviv, Israel Internet: www.idfwds2014.com Food Analysis Congress 29-30 October cAMP 2014 Barcelona, Spain Internet: http://selectbiosciences.com/conferences/index.aspx?conf=FAC2014 Advances in Food Processing- Challenges for the 21st Century 5-7 November 2014 Campinas, Brazil Internet: http://www.advancesfoodprocessingconference.com/index.html 2nd International Congress on Food Technology 5-7 November 2014 Kusadasi, Turkey Internet: www.intfoodtechno2014.org 28th EFFoST International Conference, and 7th Food Factory of the Future Conference 25-28 November 2014 Uppsala, Sweden Internet: www.effostconference.com Full-size table Table

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“Events Date and Venue Details from Food Integrity and Traceability Conference 21–24 March 2011 Belfast, Northern Ireland Internet: www.qub.ac.uk/sites/ASSET2011 Latin American Cereal Conference 10–13 April 2011 Santiago, Chile Internet: www.lacerealconference.com/EN/ IMR Hydrocolloids Conference 10–11 April 2011 San Diego, USA Internet: www.hydrocolloid.com 1st International Symposium on Fermented Meats 13–16 April 2011 Freising, Germany Email: [email protected] 1st International CIGR Workshop on Food Safety - Advances and Trends 14–15 April 2011 Dijon, France Internet: http://www.agrosupdijon.fr/research/workshop.html?L=1 6th International CIGR Technical Symposium: Towards a Sustainable Food Chain 18–20 April 2011 Nantes, France Internet: http://impascience.