31, p < 0.0001 and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc comparisons showed detailed Y-27632 nmr differences) and on PND10 only at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[1,48] = 33.07, p < 0.0001). Retinyl palmitate treated dams showed significant alterations on open field test (OFT) scores (Fig. 2). The number of crossings decreased in treated dams at 25,000 IU/kg/day (according to two-way ANOVA the exposure to retinyl palmitate affect the result, F[3,24] = 3.618, p = 0.0276) (Fig. 2A), but the number of center entries and rearings did not change (Figs. 2B and C, respectively). The number of groomings decreased

in treated dams at 12,500 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 4.104, p = 0.0174) (Fig. 2D). The number of freezings also increased in treated dams at 12,500 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 3.022, p = 0.0494) (Fig. 2E). However, the number of fecal boli did not change at all doses (Fig. 2F). Offspring of retinyl palmitate treated dams also showed significant alterations on OFT scores (Fig. 3). The number of crossings decreased in male treated offspring at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (according to two-way ANOVA the exposure to retinyl palmitate affect the result, F[3,48] = 5.098, p = 0.0038), but not in females (Fig. 3A). The number of center entries decreased in both treated offspring Pictilisib in vitro sex at all doses (F[3,48] = 11.81, p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3B). The number of rearings decreased in treated males at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day

(F[3,48] = 6.520, p = 0.0009) (Fig. 3C). The number of groomings decreased in treated males at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 4.708, p = 0.0058), but in females decreased only at 25,000 IU/kg/day (Fig. 3D). The number of freezings increased Ribonucleotide reductase in both treated offspring sex at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,48] = 8.755, p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3E), but the number of fecal boli did not change at all doses (Fig. 3F). Striatum of retinyl palmitate treated dams showed significant alterations on the redox parameters analyzed (Table 3). Catalase (CAT) activity decreased in treated dams at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 3.478, p = 0.0316), but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity did not change at all

doses. However, SOD/CAT ratio increased at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 3.373, p = 0.0349). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity increased in treated dams at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 5.756, p = 0.0041), but total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) and reduced thiol content did not change at all retinyl palmitate treated dams. Lipoperoxidation increased in treated dams at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 26.75, p < 0.0001) while protein carbonylation increased at 12,500 and 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 6.544, p = 0.0022). Hippocampus of retinyl palmitate treated dams also showed significant alterations on the redox parameters analyzed (Table 3). CAT activity and SOD activity did not change at all doses, but SOD/CAT ratio increased at 25,000 IU/kg/day (F[3,24] = 3.106, p = 0.0484).

Further, paraquat activated calpain and caspase 3 along with ER-induced cascade inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1)/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (Yang et al., 2009). In another study carried out on neuroblastoma cells, rotenone-induced ER stress has become evident by increased phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2-a (eIF2a) as well as the expression of GRP78. Moreover, rotenone activates

glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), an ER related multifunctional MK-1775 serine/threonine kinase implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration (Chen et al., 2008). Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid pesticide, has been reported to induce apoptosis through ER stress pathway involving eIF2α, calpain and caspase 12 (Hossain and Richardson, 2011). Induction of apoptosis by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC)/Cu complex, a widely

used pesticide, has also been linked to the ER stress-associated signaling molecules, including GRP78, GRP94, caspase-12, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and CHOP in lung epithelial cells (Chen et al., 2010). Chloropicrin an aliphatic nitrate pesticide has been indicated to increase ER stress-related Torin 1 cell line proteins, including GRP78, IRE1α, and CHOP/GADD 153 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (Pesonen et al., 2012). Some other pesticides belonging to the organochlorines (endosulfan), carbamates (formetanate, methomyl, pyrimicarb), and pyrethroids (bifenthrin) have been evaluated for their effects on stress proteins among which upregulation of the ER chaperone GRP78 and downregulation of the cytosolic chaperone HSP72/73 were significant. These effects can occur when ER is under stress and the UPR result in increased expression of ER chaperones and decreased protein synthesis in the cytosol (Skandrani et al., 2006a and Skandrani et al., 2006b). Degradation of misfolded,

damaged or unneeded proteins is a fundamental biological process which has a crucial role in maintenance and Adenosine triphosphate regulation of cellular function. There are two major cellular mechanisms for protein degradation; ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) that mainly targets short-lived proteins by proteases, and autophagy that mostly clears long-lived and poorly soluble proteins through the lysosomal machinery (Gies et al., 2010). UPS is composed of ubiquitin for tagging and proteasomes for proteolysis of proteins, which are to be degraded. Deregulation of this system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, mostly neurodegeneration and cancers evidenced by decreased and increased proteasome activity, respectively (Paul, 2008). Environmental exposure to certain pesticides has been linked to proteasomal dysfunction in development of neurodegenerative diseases.

The following section details the procedure above for the first group of waves (Long elevated waves). The same procedure applies to every other group, therefore only the final runup equations are presented in this paper. Detailed information on the regression analysis for individual wave groups can be found in Charvet (2012). The first subset of data to be used in the regression

is long elevated waves (group ET/Tb<1ET/Tb<1). Only those combinations of k  , K  , L  , h  , and a   that result in a high value of R2R2, a zero mean error, and which satisfy all the linearity assumptions, are kept. Table 5 presents the regression coefficients, characteristic lengths variables and uncertainties associated with the combinations BTK inhibitor displaying a significant degree of

linearity between x   and y   (R2⩾0.80R2⩾0.80). In the present analysis, outliers are defined as data for which associated residuals are located more than 2.5 standard deviations away from their mean e¯ and they are removed. The methodology applied to verify the statistical assumptions presented in Table 5 is described in Appendix C. The results of Table 5 indicate that for long elevated waves, there is a unique combination of the parameters a  , h  , L   and EPEP that gives a strong linear relationship (R2=0.94R2=0.94) with unbiased estimates logK=2.32logK=2.32 and k=0.89k=0.89. These regression Rucaparib coefficients are close to 2 and 1 and are tested against the two null hypotheses: H01:logK=2H01:logK=2 Reverse transcriptase and H02:k=1H02:k=1 (t-test). The t-test used for this purpose is described in Appendix D,

and the results show that the runup relationship can be expressed as: equation(18) logRh=2+loga3ρgEP. This suggests that a linear relationship describes well the evolution of runup as a function of parameters of the wave form. The residual and normality plot associated with the regression are displayed in Fig. 10, and the 95% confidence intervals associated with the regression curve are also constructed (methodology described in Appendix E), and plotted together with the regression results in Fig. 11. The same procedure is applied to all the other groups of waves. Laws of the form of Eq. (16) are summarized in Table 6, with confidence intervals for k and K, for each group of waves. The results from this table are discussed in the next section. The literature review has shown that a number of previous studies on runup of solitary/elevated waves have determined that the runup approximately scales as the amplitude of the incoming wave. Posing Ep≈ρgLa2Ep≈ρgLa2, Eq. (19) indicates that: Rh∝aL. Moreover, 0.18

Male Hartley guinea pigs were purchased from Charles River (Raleigh, NC & Saint-Constant, QC, Canada) and utilized in accordance with protocol specifications approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The guinea pig was selected based on having low levels of plasma carboxylesterase relative

to other rodent species, which is more similar to humans (Bahar et al., 2012), similarity of AChE protein sequence to that of humans click here (Cadieux et al., 2010), affordability, and historical use. Animals were quarantined for 3 to 5 days prior to randomization by body weight. Body weights, used to determine challenge doses and treatment volumes, were taken the day prior to challenge. Weights ranged from 250 to 500 g with a mean of 330 g among the 1920 guinea pigs placed on study. Baseline bloods were also collected via the vena cava in chilled K3 EDTA (Covidien, Mansfield, MA) tubes and processed to determine a baseline AChE and BChE activity in whole blood. On the day of study, guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously (SC) to ensure an accurate exposure level, with vehicle or an LD85 dose of one OP (Table 1) via a 29G ½″ needle/syringe

system between the scapulae. OPs were administered in vehicle at the LD85 dose after atropine only treatment as determined in preparatory work (Table 2a). An LD85 was selected as the optimal challenge level across all OPs Everolimus order as this exposure level maximizes the ability to discriminate among oxime buy Paclitaxel efficacies in terms of lethality while conserving resources. Power calculations were performed to ensure group size was sufficient for 80% statistical power between oxime groups. At 1 min after challenge,

either saline or atropine (0.4 mg atropine free base/kg from a solution of 1.64 mg atropine free base/mL) was given IM immediately followed by treatment with either an oxime in vehicle or vehicle. Both administrations were via a 29G ½″ needle/syringe system in contralateral thighs. An atropine free base level of 0.4 mg/kg in the guinea pig was selected for this study based on the body surface area-corrected equivalent dose given to a human victim of OP poisoning in a first responder setting after administration of three DuoDote® autoinjectors (USD HHS, FDA, CDER, 2005) – cited in USDHHS, 2005. The FDA recommends that no more than three injections be administered to victims without adequate supportive care, e.g., ventilator assistance. Oximes, 2-PAM Cl, MMB4 DMS, HI-6 DMS, MINA, RS194B, obidoxime Cl2, HLö-7 DMS, with the exception of TMB-4, were administered at the equimolar dose of 2-PAM Cl available in three DuoDote® autoinjectors given to a 70-kg human, equivalent to 25.7 mg/kg (146 μmol/kg) in guinea pigs (Table 2b).

1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 Some authors initially argued that endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) should be used to assist draining procedures, but recent series do not report different outcomes in terms of efficiency or adverse events without the use of EUS given that a clearly visible gastric or duodenal bulge exists.1, 2 and 6 We did not use EUS in our patients because an evident luminal compression was seen in both. It is prudent to postpone endoscopic drainage and debridement for some weeks after onset of pancreatitis because this enhances a better demarcation of necrotic tissue from the viable pancreas, thus avoiding unnecessary risks.5 and 8 This was our attitude in both cases and it is unanimously supported from

published experiences.4, 6 and 7 We had no significant complications but multiple sessions were needed to definitively achieve complete evacuation of necrotic material. In the first case, there was not much solid material and therefore MEK inhibitor our strategy was to maintain stents

and a nasobiliary catheter with intense saline lavage rather than doing necrosectomy. Conversely, the second patient had significant amount of thick solid material thus demanding aggressive debridement. Limitations of endoscopic necrosectomy are the need for multiple sessions, endoscopic complications (e.g. perforation, bleeding, air embolism) Androgen Receptor Antagonist in vivo and the lack of efficacy in large collections extending far away from the transluminal access point into the pelvis.1, 4, 5, 6 and 8 Furthermore the experience of the endoscopist is of paramount

importance. Moreover, the lack of available specific endoscopic devices to retrieve necrotized material from a cavity is a relative restraint. Endoscopists have been improvising with ERCP and EUS equipment to overtake this problem.1 Manufacturers are expected to design novel tools which may possibly reduce the number of endoscopic sessions Plasmin per patient whilst making the procedure simpler. An eventually useful tool might be a removable metallic stent placed in the gastro/enterocystostomy to allow easier drainage.1 Advantages of endoscopic intervention are considered to be its less invasiveness, fewer days of hospitalizations, faster recovery, less organ failure and secondary infections and better aesthetic outcomes.1, 4, 6 and 8 All these arguments are still certainly a matter of debate however, taking into account the lack of prospective randomized trials. Considering our experience, we believe that a turning point in the management of peripancreatic infected and/or symptomatic necrotic collections has arrived. Endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy will probably expand as an alternative method to classic surgery. Nevertheless, this presumption is expected to occur in large tertiary hospitals since only these health-structures can more easily gather a multidisciplinary task force and high number of patients to bear large experience.

Sera contain many polyclonal antibodies which recognize and bind different epitopes on the same antigen with different binding affinities. Antigen–antibody binding involves many weak interactions, including hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic and hydrophobic interactions (Smith-Gill et al., 1982, Sakurabayashi, 1995, Mukkur, 1984 and Smith-Gill, 1996). Therefore effective elution of polyclonal antibodies may require several different elution conditions. Glycine at acidic pH is commonly used to elute antibodies from antigen-affinity column, but there are other possible solvents for this purpose involving the use of alkaline pH, changes in ionic strength, use of chaotropic salts (that

disrupt the structure of water and reduce hydrogen bonds and weaken selleck compound hydrophobic interactions), denaturants or organic buffers (Yarmush et al., 1992 and Jack, 1994). Testing glycine elution buffers at different pH, pH 2.4 was the most Obeticholic Acid mw effective (Fig. 3A), but recovery of antibodies was still low (26%). Different buffers were then tested: 20% ethanol to investigate the effect of an organic

solvent, 100 mM Tris pH 9 as alkaline buffer, 8 M urea as a denaturant and 4 M MgCl2 to raise the ionic strength of the solvent, with an accompanying weak chaotropic effect. The highest recovery with an alternative buffer was obtained with 4 M MgCl2 (18%; Fig. 3B). However, the yield was still lower than that with 0.1 M glycine, 0.1 M NaCl pH 2.4 (26%; Fig. 3A), and 4 M MgCl2 was not as effective as glycine at removing commercial anti-Salmonella Typhimurium O:4,5 antibodies either ( Fig. 3D). To understand whether MgCl2 and glycine were removing different sub-populations of human antibodies, and in an attempt to increase the recovery, both buffers were used sequentially, but MgCl2 was unable to elute any remaining bound antibody ( Fig. 3C). It is possible that the majority of antibodies bound to the column were successfully mafosfamide eluted, but that some did not fully renature and therefore were no longer able to bind to LPS in the ELISA. Even if the extracted antibodies refold in their native conformation because of immediate neutralisation and/or dialysis following elution

(Narhi et al., 1997a and Narhi et al., 1997b) we did not investigate the effect of the elution buffers on their conformation and so cannot exclude that an irreversible denaturation occurred. Nevertheless, our 280 nm absorption measurements of the column eluates indicated that those fractions which lacked anti-LPS antibodies by ELISA also lacked measurable protein content and thus were unlikely to contain significant amounts of denatured antibody. We verified that the ratio of antigen to antibody affected antibody elution. Reduction in the amount of OAg–ADH coupled to the resin from 3.5 mg to 1 mg per ml of resin, increased the recovery of purified antibody from 26% to 51% working with the same elution buffer (glycine pH 2.4). Decreasing the concentration of linked OAg–ADH further to 0.

“
“Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative bacillus present in the environment across much of Southeast Asia and in northern Australia. Infection occurs following bacterial inoculation, inhalation or ingestion and predominantly affects agricultural www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html workers with risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and renal impairment. Retrospective case series from Thailand have reported high rates of intra-abdominal abscesses in patients with melioidosis, with around half of cases having one or more abscesses in the liver and/or spleen. 1 This rate is much higher

than our clinical experience from treating patients with melioidosis in northeast Thailand would suggest. Furthermore, we have reported lower rates in the context Pirfenidone ic50 of a comparative

drug trial in which 23% (48/212) of cases with culture-proven melioidosis had liver and/or splenic abscesses, 2 although ultrasound was not performed in all cases. We hypothesized that the rate of intra-abdominal abscesses was lower in our setting than that reported in retrospective case series, and performed a prospective observational study to test this on the basis that an accurate estimate of frequency would contribute to our bedside understanding of the disease. Patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis were recruited from the adult wards (aged ≥16 years) of Sappasithiprasong Hospital in Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand, between 16 August 2008 and 17 August 2009. The hospital diagnostic laboratory was contacted daily to identify patients with one or more cultures positive for B. pseudomallei. Active surveillance for suspected cases was also performed through daily rounds of the medical and intensive care wards.

Any patient suspected of having melioidosis based on presenting clinical features had samples taken for culture, including blood, respiratory secretions (sputum or tracheal aspirate if intubated), urine, throat swab, pus and surface swabs from skin lesions. fantofarone Patients with microbiologically confirmed melioidosis were recruited into the study following written informed consent from the patient or next of kin. A history was taken and examination performed during the first visit, and the patient seen daily until discharge or death. An abdominal ultrasound was performed by an experienced operator on the day of recruitment, or as soon as possible thereafter. Patient outcome (survival/death) was determined 4 weeks post-discharge by telephone call and/or home visit. A minority of relatives took moribund patients home to die and these cases were followed up to confirm the outcome. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Sappasitthiprasong Hospital Ethics Committee. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Fisher exact or χ2 tests were used to assess categorical variables.

e. 445, 490, 555, 645 and 665 nm). Regardless of this evident limitation, it seems to be a significant and meaningful result that the formulas found here to be the most effective clearly demonstrate a potential for retrieving information on suspended matter in the Baltic Sea using the red part of the remote-sensing reflectance spectrum. This particular result is in agreement with the conclusion reported much earlier by Siegel and his collaborators (see e.g. Siegel et

al. (1994) and the list of works cited there). Those authors showed that for the case of the Baltic Sea one could achieve a distinct improvement in the accuracy of remote sensing algorithms for estimating suspended matter, chlorophyll, and APO866 solubility dmso also yellow substance and euphotic depth, with the use of red wavelengths in the reflectance ratios. They proposed various algorithms for the different satellite instruments of that time (i.e. for CZCS, SeaWiFS and (planned at that time) the MERIS instrument) using, among others, the 670 and 710 nm bands in the red part of the light spectrum.

Nevertheless, the possibility of using red band reflectance has also been reported for different coastal environments, especially for determining the suspended matter mass concentration. For Ivacaftor order example, Ahn et al. (2001) suggested using reflectance values in the 625 nm band as optimal for SPM concentration retrieval in coastal regions of the Korean peninsula (the equation they suggested was SPM = 647.8(Rrs(625))0.86). The possibility of estimating SPM using Band 1 of the MODIS sensor was also discussed Thymidylate synthase in a few other papers (we recall that MODIS Band 1 is a relatively broad spectral band (620–670 nm), with a nominal centre wavelength of 645 nm, originally not designed for ocean colour applications but rather for detecting land/cloud/aerosols boundaries, and providing data with a spatial resolution of up to 250 m, see e.g. the documentation available at http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov). Linear relationships for SPM as functions of values obtained

for that band were given by Miller & McKee (2004) for data from selected coastal environments of the Gulf of Mexico, by Rodriguez-Guzman & Gilbes-Santaella (2009) for a tropical open bay in western Puerto Rico, and by Wang et al. (2012) for the Bohai Sea of China. In another work, Wong et al. (2007) pointed out the possibility of using different combinations of MODIS sensor bands (among which there was also a Band 1) for data from coastal regions of Hong Kong. But in case of the Baltic Sea data analysed here, the formula  (9) using a blue-to-red ratio (Rrs(490)/Rrs(645)) seems to be more effective than formula  (8), which is based on the absolute reflectance value in the red band (Rrs(645)).

23). Mark et al. (46) reported find more in abstract form the results of 301 patients with T1–2, Gleason 4–10, median PSA 9.3 (2.7–39.8) treated with HDR monotherapy. They administered 7.5 Gy in six fractions in two implants performed 1 month apart. Urethral dose points [12], [13], [14], [15] and [16] limited to <105% of the prescription dose. Acute urinary retention occurred in 5%. Late Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) urinary toxicity was 3% Grade 2 and Grade 3–4 (urethral stricture requiring dilation 6%). Late RTOG rectal

toxicity was Grade 1–2 (2.3%) and Grade 3–4 (0.3%). The PSA progression–free survival was 88% at 8 years. Rogers et al. (47) reported their experience on 284 patients with intermediate-risk group patients treated with two HDR implants to deliver six fractions of 6.5 Gy. The 5-year

actuarial biochemical survival was 94.4%, local control and cause-specific survival 100%, and distant metastasis–free survival 99%. Percent of core positive over 75% and Stage T2c predicted for worse biochemical control. Patients without these adverse risk factors had a 5-year biochemical control of 97.5%. The incidence of side effects was low. Unlike other reports, there were no urethral strictures. Transient Grade 1 incontinence was found in 7.7% of cases after treatment, but exclusive of patients with prior transurethral resection or neurologic illness it was 2.5%. Grade 1 RTOG rectal toxicity occurred in 4.2%. Potency was maintained in 83% of patients GBA3 2 years after therapy. PD-1 antibody inhibitor Ghadjar et al. (48) reported on 36 patients with low- (28) and intermediate- (8) risk prostate cancer treated with HDR monotherapy in a single implant and four fractions of 9.5 Gy over 2 days. Acute Grade 3 GU toxicity rate was 3% and late GU toxicity 11%. There was no Grade 3 GI toxicity. The 3-year PSA progression–free survival rate was 100%. The sexual preservation rate in patients without ADT was 75%. Late Grade 3 GU toxicity was associated

with higher PTV doses as represented by the V100 (percent target coverage by 100% isodose) and D90 (dose to 90% of the PTV), and the urethral V120 (volume urethra receiving ≥120% of the prescription dose). Hoskin et al. (49), in the United Kingdom, conducted a dose escalation trial for mostly intermediate- (52%) and high-risk (44%) patients. A total of 197 patients were treated with 34 Gy in four fractions, 36 Gy in four fractions, 31.5 Gy in three fractions, or 26 Gy in two fractions. Median followup times were 60, 54, 36, and 6 months. Incidence of early Grade ≥3 GU morbidity was 3–7%, and Grade 4 0–4%. Grade 3 or 4 early GI morbidity was not observed. Late GU toxicity (3 year actuarial) Grade 3 was 3–16%. The 4-year stricture (requiring surgery) rate was 3–7%. Late GI toxicity Grade 3 was 1%. There was no late Grade 4 GI or GU toxicity. At 3 years, 99% of patients with intermediate-risk and 91% with high-risk disease were free of biochemical relapse (p = 0.02).

WBC differential count showed a significant increase in the levels of serum monocytes in the low dose group relative to the control group (P = 0.023), (Fig. 4B). Kerosene supplementation had an inflammatory effect on the stomach lumen in all the test groups. This effect was demonstrated by the active and chronic inflammation observed histologically (Fig. 5A-C). From these findings it can be concluded that kerosene supplementation causes gastritis. The inflammation was observed to be more pronounced at the gastro duodenal junction of the stomach. Although studies have shown that H pylori is the chief cause of gastritis in Kenya [52], there may be need to re-examine the contribution of

dietary kerosene supplementation especially among school going children. From data obtained during an earlier pre animal study survey (Fig. 1B), 47.8% of respondents with kerosene supplementation

reported that they Nutlin-3a chemical structure had experienced either ulcers or heart burns. This points to the role that kerosene supplementation in Kenyan schools may have in the high number of cases of students with gastritis. There were no significant morphological changes on the brain (Fig. 6A-C) with the parenchyma, brain stem and cerebellum all showing lack of abnormalities (pathology). Similarly, images were obtained from the esophagus from all three groups (Fig. 6D-F) also indication lack of abnormalities. The kerosene doses used in our study were GDC-0068 cell line therefore found not toxic to the brain and the esophagus. This study established for the first time that kerosene supplementation results in increased serum T levels which have been shown to be directly associated with higher sex drive (libido). Based on these findings therefore, crude kerosene supplementation is ineffective in controlling sexual hyperactivity

in boarding schools. Our findings also demonstrate the relationship between increased serum T levels with increased aggression. Kerosene supplementation in boarding schools may result to similar effects. These findings may explain the increase in the numbers of teenage pregnancies, rebellion to authority and violence as seen in school going teenage children. The findings from the present study most further show that crude kerosene supplementation caused gastritis in our animal model. Kerosene supplementation in schools thus may be a contributing factor in the increasing cases of gastritis and ulcers among students. We recommend that alternative, effective and safe ways to control sexual hyperactivity that are scientifically proven need be sought as a replacement to kerosene dietary supplementation. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research findings reported. This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for profit sector *These two authors contributed equally to this work.