Z Gastroenterol 2009, 47:653–658.PubMedCrossRef 66. He F, Ouwehand AC, Isolauri E, Hosoda M, Benno Y, Salminen S: Differences in composition and mucosal adhesion of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy adults and healthy seniors. Curr Microbiol 2001, 43:351–354.PubMedCrossRef 67. Hopkins MJ, Sharp R, Macfarlane GT: Age and disease related changes in intestinal bacterial populations assessed by cell culture, 16S rRNA abundance, and community cellular fatty acid profiles. Gut 2001, 48:198–205.PubMedCrossRef 68. Saunier K, Dore J: Gastrointestinal tract and the elderly: functional foods, gut microflora and healthy ageing. Dig Liver Dis 2002,34(Suppl 2):S19–24.PubMedCrossRef

this website 69. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M: Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota: the hygiene hypothesis expanded?

Diabetes Care 2010, 33:2277–2284.PubMedCrossRef 70. Fava F, Lovegrove JA, Gitau R, Jackson KG, Tuohy KM: The gut microbiota and lipid metabolism: implications for human health and coronary heart disease. Curr Med Chem 2006, 13:3005–3021.PubMedCrossRef 71. Petruzzelli M, Moschetta A: Intestinal ecology in the metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab 2010, Galunisertib manufacturer 11:345–346.PubMedCrossRef 72. Gunter MJ, Leitzmann MF: Obesity and colorectal cancer: epidemiology, mechanisms and candidate genes. J Nutr Biochem 2006, 17:145–156.PubMedCrossRef 73. Ehrmann-Josko A, Sieminska J, over Gornicka B, Ziarkiewicz-Wroblewska B, Ziolkowski B, Muszynski J: Impaired glucose metabolism in colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006, 41:1079–1086.PubMedCrossRef 74. Pais R, Silaghi H, Silaghi AC, Rusu ML, Dumitrascu DL: Metabolic syndrome and risk of subsequent colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2009, 15:5141–5148.PubMedCrossRef

75. Saydah SH, Platz EA, Rifai N, Pollak MN, Brancati FL, Helzlsouer KJ: Association of markers of insulin and glucose control with subsequent colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003, 12:412–418.PubMed 76. Kumar M, Kumar A, Nagpal R, Mohania D, Behare P, Verma V, Kumar P, Poddar D, Aggarwal PK, Henry CJ, Jain S, Yadav H: Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: an update. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010, 61:473–496.PubMedCrossRef 77. Pufulete M: Intake of dairy products and risk of colorectal neoplasia. Nutr Res Rev 2008, 21:56–67.PubMedCrossRef 78. Saikali J, Picard C, Freitas M, Holt P: Fermented milks, probiotic cultures, and colon cancer. Nutr Cancer 2004, 49:14–24.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests All authors were employees of Phenomenome Discoveries, Inc. during the course of the work presented in the manuscript. Dayan B. Goodenowe is the president and CEO, and primary shareholder of Phenomenome. Authors’ contributions All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. SR: Lead author, wrote the manuscript, directed and oversaw the research presented.