Usually these intruders are assumed to be non-territorial floaters attempting to take over the whole territory or neighbours trying to extend the borders of their own territory. We instead investigate
how costs and benefits of territorial behaviour are affected by neighbours which invade to steal resources on a territory.
We show analytically that in the absence of defence intrusion into neighbouring territories always pays selleck products and that even if territories are defended intrusion levels can still be high. Using a more detailed simulation model we find that territory defence usually disappears from the population even if owners have a strong advantage over intruders in terms of fighting costs or foraging efficiency. Defence and thus territoriality can only be evolutionarily stable if fighting costs for the intruder relative to the productivity of the territory are very high or if crossing the borders between territories carries additional costs.
Our results show that stealing of resources by neighbours can have a considerable effect on the evolutionary stability of territory defence Tanespimycin concentration and thus territoriality itself. A more mechanistic model of territorial behaviour is needed to incorporate
these kinds of mechanisms into a general theory on the evolution of territoriality. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We report on an efficient procedure for the preparation of [Re-188(N)(PNP)]-based complexes (where PNP is diphosphinoamine) useful in the development of target-specific radiopharmaceuticals. The radiochemical yield of the compounds was optimized considering
such reaction parameters as nature of the nitrido nitrogen donor, reaction times and pH level. The chemical identity of the Re-188 agents was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography comparison with the corresponding well-characterized cold Re compounds. Re-188(N) mixed compounds have been evaluated with regard to stability toward transchelation with GSH and degradation by serum enzymes. The clearance of selected radiocompounds from normal tissues and their in vivo stability were Lactose synthase evaluated in rats by biodistribution and imaging studies. [Re-188(N)(cys similar to)(PNP)](+/0) mixed-ligand compounds were efficiently prepared in aqueous solution from perrhenate using a multistep procedure based on the preliminary formation of the labile Re-188(III)-EDTA species, which easily undergo oxidation/ligand exchange reaction to afford the [Re-188(V) N](2+) core in the presence of dithiocarbazate. The final mixed-ligand compounds were obtained, at 100 degrees C, by adding the two bidentate ligands to the buffered [(ReN)-Re-188-N-V ](2+) solution (pH 3.2-3.6). However, a relatively high amount of cys similar to ligand was required to obtain a quantitative radiochemical yield. The complexes were stable toward reoxidation to perrhenate and ligand exchange reactions.