To verify that neural signals from the retina to SVS neurons and the SCN core are functional, we measured induction of the immediate early gene c-fos in Sox14gfp/gfp and control mice before and after acute light exposure (aL) ( Figures S3A and S3B). During the dark period,

the SCN and the SVS do not express c-Fos, but the gene is strongly upregulated 1 hr after light exposure during the subjective dark phase ( Figure S3B). We could detect no major differences in c-Fos levels between Sox14gfp/gfp and control mice upon acute light exposure ( Figure S3B). We conclude that Sox14gfp/gfp mice have not lost the ability to transduce signals from the retina to their diencephalic targets. To assess whether Sox14gfp/gfp mice have a functional SCN capable of generating an endogenous circadian rhythm, we measured the period of three well-known Panobinostat circadian behaviors and physiological responses that are controlled by the SCN: motor activity, feeding episodes, and core body temperature. The intrinsic period of

the clock becomes apparent under constant dark (DD) conditions. As expected, wild-type mice show a free-running circadian period shorter than 24 hr for all three parameters recorded. Sox14gfp/gfp mice displayed circadian behaviors with a free-running period similar to control mice ( Figures selleck chemical 7A–7C) (ambulations: wild-type 23.8, Sox14gfp/gfp 23.6; feeding episodes: wild-type 23.7, Sox14gfp/gfp 23.4; core body temperature: wild-type 23.7, Sox14gfp/gfp 23.5; median). We then reintroduced the light variable with the normal 12 hr light and 12 hr dark (LD) cycle. Under these conditions, both control mice and Sox14gfp/gfp mice adjusted their circadian rhythms in motor activity, feeding, and core body temperature,

giving periods very close to 24 hr ( Figures 7A–7C) (ambulations: wild-type Mephenoxalone 24.0, Sox14gfp/gfp 24.0; feeding episodes: wild-type 24.0, Sox14gfp/gfp 24.0; core body temperature: wild-type 23.8, Sox14gfp/gfp 24.0; median). The retained ability of Sox14gfp/gfp mice to respond to environmental light changes was also shown under a 6 hr LD phase advance experiment ( Figure S5B). Strikingly though, in Sox14gfp/gfp mice, the phase of all three circadian outputs did not align to the phase of the light cycle ( Figures 7E, 7G, 7I, and S5A–S5C). As a consequence of their advanced phase onset, mutant mice displayed increased ambulations during the L phase and decreased ambulations in the D phase compared to controls ( Figure 7D) (percentage, daily average ambulations in L phase: wild-type 14.9% ± 0.6%; Sox14gfp/gfp 47.1% ± 1.8%; average ± SEM). Similarly, both the onset of feeding and elevation of body temperature were phase advanced. This is shown in Figure 7, which compares feeding ( Figure 7F) and body temperature ( Figure 7H) in the 2 hr before D onset and the 2 hr before L onset for each genotype (percentage of daily average feeding: wild-type L 4.6% ± 0.6%, D 10.0% ± 1.