This concept is of fundamental importance for understanding immunological tolerance, since it implies that the distinct shape of selleck kinase inhibitor MHC-II complexes formed by truncated two-domain structures may provide a natural tolerogen for regulating inflammatory T cells selected

originally on four-domain structures. We have characterized specific interactions of both RTL1000 and four-domain DR2–MOG-35-55 with the cognate TCR present on the H2-1 T-cell hybridoma. The ability of defined TCR to bind these two TCRL-distinguished conformational MHC-II complexes highlights the permissive nature of the TCR as compared with our TCRL Fabs. The basis for the distinct specificity can be explained by major feature differences between cell surface TCRs and soluble Abs. Monomeric TCR affinities (in the range of 1–50 μM 40) are in orders of magnitude lower than our isolated TCRLs. However, in the cellular context, TCR functional avidity is defined by multiple factors such as receptor and co-receptor densities and affinities. Replacement of TCR with high-affinity TCRL-Ab results in loss of specificity of the engineered Selleckchem MAPK inhibitor T lymphocytes (Oren, R et al., manuscript in preparation), supporting the theory of maximal TCR affinity threshold for improved T-cell

function 41 and emphasizing the limitations of TCR mimics in an Ab form. An alternative explanation for these distinct specificities is that TCRL-Fab

recognition of RTLs may require a structural motif that is exposed to the solvent only when the Ig-fold domains of the four-domain MHC molecule are removed. In this scenario, TCRs originally selected on four-domain MHC complexes are not educated to recognize this unexposed motif in the four-domain molecule. Unlike TCRs, B-cell-secreted Abs potentially can discern two- versus four-domain MHC-II–peptide complexes similar to our phage-display Abs. We detected serum non-neutralizing Abs to RTLs in RTL immunized mice 22 and in MS patients (Arthur Vandenbark, personal communication). We predict that such Abs will not cross-react with native four-domain MHC-II complexes due to self-tolerance mechanisms and Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) their diverse conformation. The naïve human phage display library origin of our isolated TCRL Fabs implies their possible existence in the native Ab sequence repertoire. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no evidence for the B-cell expression of TCRL-Abs. The need to break self-tolerance and the predicted immunomodulation effect of circulating Abs specific for self-MHC–peptide complexes are possible explanations for our prediction that such Abs are not produced. While the genetic information for such Abs exists in the germ line they are not produced or are negatively selected.