” The scale was anchored at each end with the qualifiers “not at all” and “very much so.” Spearman’s correlations (rs) were performed between

the question scores and the absolute value of the change in response bias (|Δc|). The absolute value of the change in response bias was used because it gives a measure of the magnitude Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the change in response bias regardless of the direction of the change. fMRI analysis Data preprocessing and image analysis were conducted using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK). Motion was assessed using Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the TSDiffANA toolbox (http://sourceforge.net/projects/spmtools/), and no participants were found to have moved more than 3 mm in any direction. All volumes were realigned to the first volume (Friston et al. 1994), and the mean functional and anatomical images were coregistered. The images were

then spatially normalized to the Montreal Neurological Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Institute (MNI) EPI template (Evans et al. 1992), resampled to a voxel size of 3 × 3 × 3 mm, and smoothed using a 8 mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian kernel. A high-pass filter using a cut-off value of 128 sec and the SPM8 AR1 function were applied. The data were analyzed by modeling three event types (stimulus, decision, and feedback) as stick functions convolved with a synthetic hemodynamic response function. The three events were specified for “yes” and for “no” decisions for each motivational condition. The six motion parameters estimated during realignment were entered Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical into the model as multiple regressors. The stimulus and decision events were combined and contrasted against an implicit baseline at the first level. These

clinical trial contrast images were moved up to a second level, random-effects, flexible–factorial model where the effects of negative Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (Neg > Neut-N) and positive Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (Pos > Neut-P) motivation as well as any differences between neutral conditions (Neut-N > Neut-P; Neut-P > Neut-N) were examined. Significant clusters were identified at pFWE < 0.05 (family-wise error corrected), k ≥ 10 (extent threshold). Activations were localized to a particular anatomical region using the SPM anatomy toolbox (Eickhoff et al. 2006, 2007). To identify regions where activity correlated with change in response bias, a second–level, linear regression model specifying the positive motivation contrast images (Pos > Neut-P) and the change in response bias (Δcpositive) as a covariate was used. A whole-brain analysis identified significant clusters at pFWE < 0.05, k ≥ 10.