The oxygen uptake was measured breath-by-breath using a Metamax 3B (Cortex Company, Germany). Maximum power output (Pmax) and VO2max were derived from this test. Running performance at the IAT [4] was determined by a standard treadmill test (incline 1.5%, beginning at 6 km·h-1, increment 2 km·h-1 every 3 min) until the subject was exhausted. Performance at the IAT (PIAT) was calculated from the relationship Ion Channel Ligand Library between power output and changes in blood lactate concentration [4]. The isometric maximum torque (Tmax_ISM) and isokinetic maximum performance (Pmax_ISK) of the quadriceps femoris of the dominant leg were determined using an Isokinetic BIODEX Dynamometer

(Biodex Medical Systems, USA); the maximum value was taken from three attempts. Tmax_ISM was tested with the knee extension at position 90°, and Pmax_ISK with the start position at 90° and 60°·s-1 rotation, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Stress and recovery state To monitor status and changes Tipifarnib purchase in LXH254 clinical trial stress and recovery of the subjects during the study period, a recovery-stress

questionnaire (RESTQ-Sport) was used. The RESTQ-Sport was specifically developed to measure the frequency of current stress and recovery-associated activities, and the German version of the RESTQ-Sport consists of 76 items (19 scales with four items each). A Likert-type scale was used, with values ranging from 0 (never) to 5 (always) (for the details please refer to [28]). The questionnaires

were completed weekly by the subjects. Data analysis and statistics All data are expressed as the mean ± SD; a P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant, using an analysis of variance with a post-hoc Scheffé test. Results During the study, no complaints or complications related to KAS were reported. No pathological changes or differences among the groups were found in the clinical laboratory parameters. The subjects’ compliance with taking the nutritional supplement was satisfactory (98.3%). The diet was comparable among the different groups and did not change throughout the study period (total check details caloric intake: 2509 ± 115 kcal·d-1, of which carbohydrates composed 49.2%; fat 30.3%; protein 17.1% and alcohol 3.4%). Metabolic parameters, including BMI, body fat percentage (15.9 ± 0.7%) measured by infrared spectrometer, blood concentration of glucose (4.7 ± 0.1 mmol·l-1), cholesterol (4.3 ± 0.1 mmol·l-1), triglyceride (1.6 ± 0.1 mmol·l-1) and C-reactive protein (0.8 ± 0.1 mg·l-1), were similar among the different groups. Training The training data are summarized in Table 2 and Figures 2, 3 and 4. During the first two weeks of training, the total training time, training times for endurance and for sprint running did not differ significantly among the groups. However, from the third week onwards all training times decreased in the control group (P<0.05), while they remained essentially unchanged in the AKG group and the BCKA group (Figure 2).