The main consequence of the formation of Cd(CH3)2 is of course the fact that it would be efficiently adsorbed on a carbon bed in the filter. Any Cd(CH3)2 retained on an adsorbent, or a Cambridge filter, should be Ganetespib cell line readily hydrolyzed by the water present on the surface. This yields the hydroxide, a Cd(II) species that is not volatile. The fact that adsorbed cadmium cannot be re-emitted may in part explain why cadmium selective filtration remains effective under

the HCI machine-smoking regime, in contrast with other volatile compounds for which adsorption processes are strongly hindered under these conditions. In fact Cd(CH3)2 reactivity with water contributes to making its presence in smoke plausible. Since most Cd(CH3)2 would be trapped by a Cambridge filter, it is counted as particle-phase material, explaining how a low and variable gas-phase percentage could be observed and reported in the literature, while in fact up to 60% of the cadmium can actually be retained by an activated carbon. No report of the formation of a lead derivative through gas-phase reaction of Pb(0) with free radicals could be found in the literature. Even if some derivatives could be made, it is likely that, unlike Cd(0), Pb(0) would

condense out of the gas-phase before the temperature would be low enough for an organo-compound AZD5363 to be stable. These observations may explain why lead is not selectively retained by activated carbon in the filter. The study of arsenic, cadmium and lead levels in tobacco and smoke was performed on a set of surveys gathering a large number of samples (568) with a large diversity of origins, tobacco blend types and cigarette designs. This ensured that the observations accurately Amino acid reflected the trends and correlations that prevailed among the samples while allowing

a greater degree of precision than previously obtained by using smaller data sets. For comparative purposes, the elements transfer in each sample was estimated from the ratio of their mainstream smoke yield to the elements level in the tobacco rod. Cadmium transfer was clearly lower in the cigarettes with an activated carbon filter compared to the other samples with the same nicotine transfer. This was not observed in the case of lead or arsenic. The effect was also observed under the more intense HCI regime despite being less pronounced than under the ISO regime. Test cigarettes with an 80-mg carbon load smoked under HCI machine-smoking regime showed a 62% retention of cadmium, while arsenic and lead yields were unchanged. The distribution of the elements levels in the tobacco of the sampled cigarettes was rather wide, but the levels are close to most of the recent results reported either for specific countries or for international datasets.