The following topics are reviewed: (1)
tolerance and addiction to caffeine, (2) sensitization LXH254 solubility dmso and cross-sensitization to the effects of caffeine, (3) caffeine self-administration and reinforcing value, and (4) conditioning of preferences for caffeine-containing beverages in both adults and children. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence, factors, and clinical impact of self-expanding stent fracture following iliac artery stenting.
Materials and Methods: A review of the endovascular registry database for our department showed 353 patients with occlusive diseases of the iliac artery who underwent stenting between 1997 and 2007. While clinical data and images were retrospectively Torin 1 solubility dmso reviewed for all patients, 165 patients who underwent self-expanding stenting and plain radiograph with >= 6-months follow-up were analyzed. Mean follow-up was 43 months for 305 stents (elgiloy, n = 83; nitinol, n = 222) implanted in 216 iliac arteries. The mean duration until the last imaging study was 38 months. Items concerning prevalence
of stent fracture, factors associated with fracture, and outcomes for patients with stent fracture were analyzed.
Results: Stent fracture was detected in 11 of 216 iliac arteries (5.1%). In stent-based analysis, 11 of 305 stents (3.6%) showed stent fracture, classified as type I in 2 stents, type 11 in 3 stents, type III in 4 stents, type IV in
1 stent, and type V in I stent. Stent fracture was detected in 11 of 222 nitinol stents (5.0%), but no Elgiloy stents. Cox proportional hazards regression model indicated stenting for chronic occlusion as a risk factor associated with nitinol stent fracture (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.09, P = 0.008, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-23.3). Cumulative primary patency rates in iliac arteries with and without fractured stents PI-1840 were 90% and 91% at 8 years (P = .80), respectively.
Conclusion: Fracture of self-expanding stents is rare in iliac arteries, but stenting for chronic occlusion represents a risk factor for fracture. Fractures of stents placed in iliac arteries rarely affect patency. (I Vase Surg 2009;49:645-52.)”
“Interest in the early phase of psychotic disorders has risen dramatically in recent years. Neurobiological investigations have focused specifically on identifying brain changes associated with the onset of psychosis. The link between these neurobiological findings and the complex phenomenology of the early psychosis period is not well understood. In this article, we re-cast some of these observations, primarily from neuroimaging studies, in the context of phenomenological models of “”the self”" and disturbance thereof in psychotic illness.