The combined

use of both techniques represents a very efficient tool to study the internal cellular organization. Gonzalez-Robles et al. (2001) used fast freeze-fixation, followed by freeze-substitution, to study Acanthamoeba trophozoite ultrastructure, resulting in well-preserved images of the cytoplasm, cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. However, no analysis of the cyst wall was performed. When processed using the QF-DE technique, the exo- and the endocyst layers were well preserved, and presented the same structural organization and thickness as that observed in TEM preparations (689 and 396 nm of average thickness, respectively) (Fig. 2). The intercyst space, however, was narrower learn more when compared with chemically fixed preparations (Fig. 2a), with an average thickness of 301 nm. This space was not empty, but filled with 11-nm-thick filaments connecting the endocyst with the exocyst (Fig. 2b and d), indicating

that possibly conventional TEM is not Palbociclib able to evidence the structures present in that space or that the chemical fixation and dehydration procedures partially disrupt the amoebic cyst structure. The surface of the encysted amoeba was irregular, probably because of the presence of secreted vesicles associated with the formation of the exo- and the endocyst (Fig. 2c and e). Endocysts observed by QF-DE presented a biphasic organization: i.e. compact, close to the amoeba cell surface and looser in the outer region (brackets in Fig. 3a). The endocyst was composed of 10-nm-thick fibrous structures, similar to those present in the intercyst space (Fig. 3b and c), and dispersed in the contact areas with the exocyst, making it difficult to define the boundaries of the interspace matrix. Molecules with globular (50 nm) and tail (20 nm) portions were frequently SPTLC1 observed in both the endocyst and the interspace matrix (inset in Fig. 3b). The endocyst structure resembles the cellulose structure in plant cell walls, visualized by the QF-DE (McCann et al., 1990). Knowing that the endocyst is primarily composed

of cellulose (Linder et al., 2002), it is plausible that amoebae secrete cellulose, through vesicles, as the ones observed in the periphery region of encysted amoeba (Figs 2c and 3c), and the cellulose disperses around the intercyst space, in a loosen configuration. We also observed that endocyst filaments connect with the exocyst (Figs 2 and 3), indicating that this amoebic cell wall may be composed of a mixture of cellulosic filaments that come from the endocyst and other proteins and polysaccharides. This observation can be supported by evidence showing that cellulose can be found at the exocyst (Chavez-Munguia et al., 2005). The exocyst ultrastructure could be described as irregular and compact by both routine TEM and QF-DE (Figs 1 and 4a). Interestingly, vesicles ranging from 67 to 167 nm were observed within the exocyst wall (Fig.