Some of these available solutions rely on the availability of a network to transfer the information and report the defections or selleckchem any important sensed information [13]. These networks are usually wired using copper or fiber optic cables [14,15]. These wired networks are usually connected to regular sensor devices that measure specific attributes such as flow rate, pressure, temperature, etc.There were some efforts to develop algorithms and methods for detecting defects such as leakages in pipelines. These algorithms and methods are based on the availability of networks along the pipelines. All these efforts are not to develop reliable and fault tolerant networks that monitor pipelines as we discussed in this paper, but rely on the existence of reliable networks. One example is PipeNet [16].
PipeNet is a wireless sensor network for monitoring large diameter bulk-water transmission pipelines. The network collects hydraulic and acoustic/vibration data at Brefeldin_A high-sampling rates. Algorithms for analyzing the collected data to detect and locate leaks were developed. In [17], a method was developed to detect faults for oil pipelines. In this method, Rough Set was used to reduce the parameters of a pipeline system. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with three levels is used to form a detection model. In addition, a general framework using acoustic sensor networks to provide continuous monitoring and inspection of pipeline defects was developed [18]. In this framework senso
Oil quality sensors provide an indication of the condition of oils by measuring different fluid characteristics such as viscosity, density, optical (light scattering) and electrical properties (permittivity and conductance).
Viscosity is an important indicator of oil condition because it changes abruptly when there is a lubricant breakdown. There are several sensing techniques for performing viscosity and density measurements. However, most common types of commercially available process Tipifarnib cost rheometers rely on resonators [1�C10]. Resonator measurement principles are based on changes in the resonant frequency and the damping or Q factor. If the mechanical structure of the resonator is brought into contact with a fluid or solid medium both resonance frequency and damping are changed depending on the viscosity and the elasticity of the fluid. A recent review of methods for on-line monitoring of viscosity of lubrication oils is reported by [11].Light scattering oil quality sensors rely on spectrometric techniques such as infrared, fluorescence and Raman spectrometry. The most effective indication of oil condition requires a calibration process using reference oil sample spectra and regression data analysis to isolate the influence of contaminants within the spectra [12].