Probe replicates within a treatment were marked as outliers and removed if deviated from the mean of the replicates plus or minus two times the standard deviation. A minimum number of valid replicates of 2 was set to calculate the mean value for every probe (i.e., only 1 replicate was allowed as outlier). Each peptide treatment was compared separately against the control treatment. To identify differentially expressed probes, a z-test for two independent conditions was ACY-1215 research buy performed with false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple tests (nominal alpha value of 0.05). The complete data set has been deposited
in NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE25279 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE25279. Lists of either induced or repressed genes upon each treatment, and the combinations of them, were generated and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) profiling using the FatiGO tool from the GEPAS package http://gepas.org/[53, 63]. Annotations were considered
significant when p-value adjusted for multiple testing was SAHA HDAC supplier lower than 0.05 Quantitative real time PCR Two micrograms of total RNA from each sample were treated with RNase-free DNase (Ambion), and retrotranscribed with SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen), essentially as described above. Real Time PCR was performed using a LightCycler 480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche Diagnostics), according to manufacturer´s protocols using the LightCycler 480 SYBR Green I Master (Roche Diagnostics), with the following thermal profile: activation step (95°C for 10 min); amplification step (40 cycles of 95°C for 10 s, 55°C for 10 s, 72°C for 10 s); melting curve program (95°C for 10 s, 60°C for 15 s, 95°C with a heating rate of 0.1°C/s); and cooling step (40°C for 30 s). Primers for the target genes SED1, PIR1, PIR2, PIR3, PIR4, SSD1, BTN2, ECM33, CGR1, NOP16, ARG1, ARG3, ARG7, as well as ACT1, ALG9,
TAF10 and UBC6 as independent reference genes [75, 76], were designed to an equal annealing PRKACG temperature of 57°C (primer sequences are listed in Additional File 8). The quantification cycle point (Cq) for each transcript was obtained using the LightCycler 480 SW 1.5 (Roche Diagnostics). Three technical of each one of the three biological replicates were conducted. The algorithm geNorm http://medgen.ugent.be/~jvdesomp/genorm/[76] demonstrated expression stability of the three references genes ALG9, TAF10 and UBC6 under our experimental conditions. The Relative Expression selleck inhibitor Software Tool (Multiple Condition Solver REST-MCS v2) was used to determine the relative quantification of target genes normalized to the three references genes [77]. In vitro antimicrobial activity assays S. cerevisiae cells were grown to exponential phase (OD600 0.4-0.5) in YPD medium at 30°C with shaking.