Previous reports demonstrated CD70-triggered down-modulation of CD27 expression on haematopoietic progenitor cells 28 and T cells 29. Therefore, we first examined CD27 expression on the cell membrane of NK cells in CD70-Tg mice. Over-expression of the CD70

ligand resulted in severe down-regulation of CD27 receptor expression on NK cells in BM, spleen and liver. BM located NKP cells showed reduced CD27 expression as well. The down-modulation of CD27 in NKP and NK cells was already established at 4 wk of age and persisted up to the last Hydroxychloroquine cell line time point analysed, i.e. 15 wk of age (Fig. 1A, Supporting Information Fig. 1 and data not shown). To study whether continuous CD27 triggering affects NK cell numbers, NK cell number kinetics were analysed in BM, spleen and liver of CD70-Tg and their WT counterparts. At 4 wk of age all tested organs contained equal NK numbers in CD70-Tg versus WT mice, but gradually, a significant reduction of CD70-Tg NK cells was observed. At 15 wk of age a nearly complete NK cell depletion had occurred in CD70-Tg BM, spleen and liver (Fig. 1B and 3). As 15-wk-old CD70-Tg

mice had so few remaining NK click here cells, all further experiments were conducted in 4- to 8-wk-old mice. NK cells mainly develop in the BM, where successive differentiation stages have been defined. Figure 2A (and Supporting Information. Fig. 1) shows that no or only minor reductions in absolute cell number were found in NKP and iNK cell subpopulations of CD70-Tg mice. Conversely, a major reduction was observed in the mNK cell subpopulation. To examine whether this decrease in cell number of mNK cells in CD70-Tg mice was due to apoptosis, cells were labelled with annexin-V and 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) to distinguish early (annexin-V+7-AAD−) from late (annexin-V+7-AAD+) apoptotic cells. Interestingly, NK cells from BM, spleen and liver of CD70-Tg mice

displayed significant higher percentages of early apoptotic cells compared with WT mice (Fig. 2B). Percentages of late apoptotic NK cells followed the same tendency, but differences between CD70-Tg and WT were smaller (Fig. 2B), presumably because of the fast removal of dead cells in vivo. Although cell numbers MTMR9 of NKP and iNK subpopulations were not or only marginally reduced in BM of CD70-Tg mice (Fig. 2A), both NKP and iNK cells are only minor subpopulations compared with mNK cells. As a result, it was not unexpected that also percentages of early and late apoptotic cell numbers were increased in the total NK cell population in BM of CD70-Tg mice. Furthermore, expression of CD95 was up-regulated on NK cells of CD70-Tg BM, spleen and liver (Fig. 2C), which might indicate that CD95-mediated cell death is involved in the decrease in NK cell numbers in these mice. However, when we treated CD70-Tg mice from 3 wk of age, when NK cell numbers are still normal, with blocking anti-mouse CD95 ligand mAb versus isotype control, NK cell numbers were not rescued after 4 wk of treatment (data not shown).