One family of adaptor molecules includes the CrkII/CrkL proteins that are also involved in the regulation of lymphocyte function. Although Crk proteins are amenable to regulation by protein tyrosine kinases, recent data suggest that peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPlases) can alter their conformation and hence their ability to associate with binding partners. This emerging new function of PPlases is the subject of the current review.”
“The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) is the main output structure for the defensive response to proximal

aversive stimulation. Panic-like responses, such as freezing and escape behaviors, often result when this structure is electrically stimulated. Freezing also ensues after termination of the PERK inhibitor dPAG stimulation (post-stimulation freezing (PSF)). GABA and 5-HT have been proposed as the main neuromediators of these defense reactions. Neurokinins (NKs) also play a role in the defense reaction; however, it is unclear how the distinct types of NK receptors are involved in the expression of these fear responses. This study investigated the

role of NK-1 and NK-3 receptors in the unconditioned defensive behaviors induced by electrical stimulation of the dPAG of rats, with and without previous experience with contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Spantide (100 rho mo1/0.2 BAY 1895344 in vivo mu l) and SB 222200 (50 and 100 rho mo1/0.2 mu l), selective antagonists of NK-1 and NK-3 receptors, respectively, were injected into the dPAG. Injection of spantide had antiaversive effects as determined by stimulation of the dPAG in naive animals and in animals subjected previously to CFC. SB 222200 also increased these aversive thresholds but only at doses that caused a motor deficit. Moreover, neither spantide nor SB 222200 influenced the PSF. The results suggest that NK-1 receptors are mainly involved in the mediation of the defensive behaviors organized in the

dPAG. Because dPAG-evoked PSF was not affected by intra-dPAG injections of either spantide or SB 222200, it is suggested that neurokinin-mediated mechanisms are not involved in the processing of ascending aversive information from the dPAG. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published CHIR-99021 in vivo by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background. It is unclear whether the association between impulsive-aggressive behaviours and suicide exists across different ages.

Method. Via psychological autopsy, we examined a total of 645 subjects aged 11-87 years who died by suicide. Proxy-based interviews were conducted using the SCID-I & SCID-II or K-SADS interviews and a series of behavioural and personality-trait assessments. Secondarily, 246 living controls were similarly assessed.

Results. Higher levels of impulsivity, lifetime history of aggression, and novelty seeking were associated with younger age of death by suicide, while increasing levels of harm avoidance were associated with increasing age of suicide.