Male Wistar rats (n = 15) were treated with either intravenous saline or G-CSF (60 mu g/kg) 30 selleckchem min after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). G-CSF significantly attenuated the release of glutamate in the infarcted striatum from 30 minutes to 180 minutes after tMCAO compared with control (p < 0.05). Infarct volume in G-CSF treated group (I 35 13 mm 3) reduced significantly

compared to control (181 +/- 10 mm(3)) at 24 hours after tMCAO. The result of present study show that G-CSF possess an ability to inhibit excitotoxicity after ischemic stroke. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“Increased lymphocyte turnover is a hallmark of pathogenic lentiviral infection. To investigate perturbations in lymphocyte dynamics in natural hosts with nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the nucleoside analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered to six naturally SIV-infected and five SIV-negative sooty mangabeys. As a measure of lymphocyte turnover, we estimated the mean death rate by fitting

a mathematical model to the fraction of BrdU-labeled cells during a 2-week labeling and a median 10-week delabeling period. Despite significantly lower total T- and B-lymphocyte counts in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys than in SIV-negative mangabeys, the turnover rate of B lymphocytes and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes was not increased in the SIV-infected animals. A small, rapidly proliferating CD45RA(+) memory subset and a large, Selleckchem Verubecestat slower-proliferating CD45RA(-) central memory

subset of CD4(+) T lymphocytes identified in the peripheral blood of sooty mangabeys also did not show evidence of increased turnover in the context of SIV infection. Independently of SIV infection, the turnover of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in sooty mangabeys was significantly higher (P < RO4929097 clinical trial 0.01) than that of CD8(+) T lymphocytes, a finding hitherto not reported in rhesus macaques or humans. The absence of aberrant T-lymphocyte turnover along with an inherently high rate of CD4(+) T-lymphocyte turnover may help to preserve the pool of central memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes in viremic SIV-infected sooty mangabeys and protect against progression to AIDS.”
“Acute sodium depletion induced by furosemide reduces gustatory responses of parabrachial nucleus (PBN) neurons to 0.3-0.5 M NaCl in rats. However, in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), where taste-responsive cells project to the PBN, acute sodium depletion and dietary sodium deprivation elicit different response profiles to lingual NaCl stimulation. To examine the effect of dietary sodium deprivation on the responses of PBN gustatory neurons, we observed the taste responses of the PBN neurons to the four taste qualities and serial concentrations of NaCl in 15-day dietary sodium-deprived and control rats. The results showed that sodium deprivation reduced the responses of PBN taste neurons to 0.1-1.