Level 12 was the minimum level of instability and 8 was the maximum. Warm up: Walking at moderate speed, joint mobility exercises for the arms, hips and legs. Exercise 1: Balancing/rebalancing and postural stability exercise with visual feedback. Participants maintained their center of gravity (projected

on a computer screen) as close as possible to the center of the target. The exercise consisted of three series. In the first, the legs were semi-flexed at an angle of about 45 degrees at FG-4592 in vitro the knee joint; the feet were parallel and shoulder width apart. In the second series, the right leg was placed forward, maintaining knee flexion in both legs and in the third series, the left leg was placed forward. Participants could use their arms to rebalance or for safety if necessary. Each series of the exercise lasted 20 seconds. Exercise 2: Balancing/rebalancing and postural stability exercise without visual feedback. The participant repeated the three series of Exercise 1, but with no visual feedback. Participants were positioned so that they could only see a white wall. Exercise 3: Weight shift exercise. Participants had to displace their center of gravity above and below to the limits established by

the Biodex Balance System. Six displacements outside the limits were required to complete the exercise, with the centre of gravity returning to the centre of the target between each displacement. Participants had visual feedback from the computer screen and they also were allowed Akt inhibitor ic50 to use their arms to rebalance or for safety if necessary. Participants

performed two sets. In the first set, the right leg was placed forward and the target was inclined 45 degrees clockwise with respect to the vertical. In the second set, the left leg was placed forward and the target was rotated 45 degrees anticlockwise from vertical. Primary outcome: Fear of falling was the primary outcome of this study and was measured using the Falls Efficacy Scale International questionnaire, all developed and validated by Prevention of Falls Network Europe. This questionnaire has become a widely accepted tool for the assessment of fear of falling ( Yardley et al 2005) and has excellent reliability and validity ( Yardley et al 2005) in different cultures and languages ( Kempen et al 2007). It is a self-reported questionnaire that provides information on the level of concern about falls for a range of daily living activities. The original questionnaire contains 16 items and is scored on a four-point scale (1 = not very concerned to 4 = very concerned). Therefore the best possible value is 16 and the worst is 64. Secondary outcomes: Dynamic balance and isometric strength were the secondary outcomes. Balance assessments were performed using the Biodex Balance System (the approximate cost was €12 000 or A$ 15 000). This system has previously been used in dynamic balance assessment and training ( Aydog et al 2006).