Furthermore, some thermally responsive agents that aid in specifi

Furthermore, some thermally responsive agents that aid in specific nanoparticle retention within the tumor can reduce the diffusion of MNPs

to healthy tissues adjacent to the tumor [22]. One of the advantages of magnetic hyperthermia over other clinical find more hyperthermic treatments is that one is able to repeat the treatment in a short interval without additional invasive procedures. MR scans can predict the distribution of the MNPs to prevent unwanted heating of the normal tissues. If the nanoparticles accurately cover the tumor tissues on a short-term follow-up MR, magnetic hyperthermia is able to be repeated without causing major side effects. Furthermore, local overheating may be avoided by selecting particles with a low maximal achievable temperature while preserving the magnetization for efficient heating [23]. Among the many MNPs, Resovist Epacadostat nmr is clinically approved for contrast-enhanced MR in human [11] and was previously reported to generate effective heat in AMF [14]. Choosing an MNP already approved for clinical use was our main

strategy to facilitate early translation of our study into clinical practice. Though Resovist is not marketed as a MR contrast agent due to the emergence of a novel MR contrast, the result in our study may open a new potential other than MR contrast for its clinical use. Ferucarbotran Citarinostat ic50 consists mainly of a hydrophilic colloidal solution of superparamagnetic iron oxide coated with carboxydextran. It is a complex composed of ultrafine (7nmdiameter) magnetite particles and alkali-treated dextran [4]. The tumor cells in the center of the tumor tissues are not sensitive to chemotherapy due to hypoxia but are sensitive to hyperthermia due to low pH value, whereas the tumor cells in the tumor periphery are sensitive to chemotherapy [12,24]. Hyperthermia, when it is applied to specific lesions, produces the increased perfusion to the diseased area and makes the cells more permeable for better cellular

uptake of agents. Therefore, when the hyperthermia is combined with chemotherapy for cancer, the heat that is generated in the targeted tumor can induce higher levels of drug accumulation in the tumor cells by the same mechanism described above. Doxorubicin is visualized by fluorescence microscopy with excitation wavelength at 480 nm [25], which enables us to detect the doxorubicin deposits in the tumor tissues. In our study, the fluorescence intensity was much higher in group D than in group B, suggesting an increased and long-lasting uptake of doxorubicin into the cells in group D (Figure 9). Although doxorubicin has been widely used as single agent or in combination with other anticancer drugs for HCC [26], the drug produces many side effects derived from its nonspecific uptake into healthy normal tissues [27].

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