After excluding subjects with either or both hepatitis virus infections, the RRs at 1 Gy of HCC for radiation were estimated as shown in Table 3. There were 161 cases including 119 HCV-infected individuals and 452 matched controls including 29 HCV-infected individuals without HBV infection only. There were 66 cases including 24

HBV-infected individuals and 176 matched controls including 5 HBV-infected individuals without HCV infection only. The adjusted analyses indicated that radiation exposure was significantly associated with increased risks for HCC, even after excluding HBV- or HCV-infected individuals. Furthermore, significant association was found between non-B, non-C HCC and radiation dose, resulting in an RR at 1 Gy of 1.90 (95% CI, 1.02-3.92, P = 0.041) for radiation without adjustment for categorical alcohol consumption, BMI, and smoking habit and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.26-7.04, P = 0.007) with such adjustment. Palbociclib manufacturer Effects of alcohol

consumption, BMI, and smoking habit on non-B, non-C HCC risk with or without adjustment for radiation dose were estimated using continuous and categorical covariates as shown in Table 4. RRs for continuous covariates are for a one-unit difference in the factor. Risk of non-B, non-C HCC for alcohol consumption per 20 g of ethanol per day was significant with a log-linear model (adjusted RR 1.64, 95% CI, 1.05-2.81, P = 0.029), but was limited to the category ≥40 g of ethanol per day (adjusted RR 5.49, 95% CI, 0.98-39.2, P = 0.052). Significant log-linear association was not found with continuous BMI, and Selleck Etoposide even the category BMI >25.0 kg/m2 (obese) 10 years before diagnosis did not evidence significant Meloxicam risk despite a rather large estimate of RR (adjusted RR 3.17, 95% CI, 0.92-12.3, P = 0.068). Current smoking evidenced significant risk (adjusted RR 5.95, 95%

CI, 1.34-33.2, P = 0.018), but there were no continuous data on amount smoked. These results indicate that alcohol consumption per 20 g of ethanol per day, current smoking, and perhaps BMI of >25.0 kg/m2 10 years before diagnosis are associated independently with increased risk for non-B, non-C HCC. The present study confirmed that radiation is associated with increased incidence of HCC among atomic bomb survivors. Additionally, the nested case-control study indicates that radiation and HBV and HCV infection are associated with increased risk for HCC, and that radiation remains an independent risk factor for HCC after taking into account hepatitis virus infection, alcohol consumption, BMI 10 years before HCC diagnosis, and smoking habit. Furthermore, significant association was observed between non-B, non-C HCC and radiation dose, alcohol consumption, and smoking, whereas obesity 10 years before diagnosis was marginally significantly associated with increased risk for non-B, non-C HCC.