Also, the charge-disordered phase attenuates the interaction between single magnetic domains when this phase is reduced by the application of a magnetic field; the system increases its ferromagnetic character. So, the control of the charge-disordered phase fraction could be used to tune the magnitude of the interaction between the single magnetic domains which affects the coercive fields. Figure 6 Magnetizations and

square-root temperature dependence of the LSMO, LCMO, and LPCMO nanotubes. (a) M vs T at 100 Oe of LSMO, LCMO, and LPCMO nanotubes after different magnetothermal processes [54]. The numbers 1, 2, and 3 show the data collected in a 1 ZFC warming process after cooling with zero magnetic field, 2 FCC cooling process with a magnetic selleck inhibitor applied field of 100 Oe, and 3 FCW warming after the FCC process with 100 Oe. The asterisk indicates

that the FCC and FCW in the LPCMO-nanotubes are different. (b) Square-root temperature dependence of the coercive fields for the LCMO, LSMO, and LPCMO nanotubes. EPS in manganite nanostructured films/patterns In most CMR manganites, both the MIT and the amplitude of magnetoresistance are critically dependent upon the percolation of ferromagnetic metal domains in the system. Controlling the formation and the spatial distribution (size, density, symmetry, etc.) of the electronic domains will not only help to understand the origin of the EPS but also help to design manganites or other correlated electronic materials C646 in vivo with desired properties for all-oxide-based electronic devices. Recently, a novel method called electronic nanofabrication (a conceptually new approach) is developed to control the formation and the spatial distribution of electronic domains in manganites

[35]. In contrast to the conventional Rutecarpine nanofabrication, the electronic nanofabrication patterns electronic states in materials without changing the actual size, shape, and chemical composition of the materials, which is a promising method for manganites. For example, magnetic Fe nanodots are grown on the NSC 683864 surface of a 20-nm-thick La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/LaAlO3(001) film, which could turn the film from an insulator to a metal with a high MIT temperature, as shown in Figure  7 [75]. The underlying mechanism is understood to be the local magnetic exchange field between Fe and Mn spins that aligns the local Mn spins leading to the formation of a local metallic state. As shown in Figure  8, the MIT temperature can be also tuned by the density of Fe nanodots, which strongly indicates that the local metallic state follows the spatial locations of the Fe nanodots [75]. Besides the electronic nanofabrication technique, other methods such as atomic force microscopy lithography [28], electron-beam lithography (EBL) [76–80], focused ion beam (FIB) milling [33, 34, 81–84], and chemical growth and etching [85, 86] are also used to fabricate manganite nanostructured patterns from oxide thin films.