9% of Whites). The 2-year follow-up yielded 92% of the sample with no completion differences by race. Both www.selleckchem.com/products/Lenalidomide.html parent and teen interviews were completed for 301 families. We found no significant differences between those who were lost to attrition and those who were not on any of the variables included in these analyses. Measures Data on demographics and parenting were collected when participants were in the eighth grade. Parents reported their child’s race on school enrollment forms. Household per capita income was calculated from the parent’s endorsement of 1 of 11 categories of annual household income (before taxes). We assigned the midpoint of the range and then divided by the number of people in the household. To reduce the effects of outliers, we used a log transformation.

Parent smoking status was scored on a 4-point scale to indicate level of exposure to parental smoking (Jackson & Henriksen, 1997); a ��3�� indicated that at least one of the parents currently in the home smoked a half pack or more per day over the prior month (heavy smoker). A score of ��2�� indicated that one or both parents had smoked in the past year but neither were heavy smokers (current smokers). A score of ��1�� indicated neither parent was a current smoker but either had smoked in the past (past smokers), and a score of ��0�� indicated neither parent currently in the home ever smoked. Single parents reported on their own smoking only. Parental guidelines (rules and consequences for substance use) were assessed with six items (��=.

79) on a 4-point scale measuring their agreement with statements such as ��I have clear and specific rules about my teen’s use of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs.�� Monitoring was assessed with the mean of teen responses to seven items (��=.77) on a 4-point scale (YES!, yes, no, NO!), for example, whether the teen believes his/her parent knows who his/her friends are, where the teen is, and what he/she is doing. Discipline was measured using the mean of two items (r=.47) on the same 4-point scale: ��If you skipped school, would you get caught and punished?�� and ��If you drank beer or wine without your parent’s permission, would you get caught and punished?�� Parent�Cteen attachment was measured using the sum of 28 items (��=.94) from the teen report on the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987).

Delinquent behavior and substance use of peers were measured with teen report in the ninth grade. The teens were asked to name their three best (or closest) friends (first names or initials only) and were then asked a series of questions about each of those friends: alcohol and AV-951 marijuana use, getting in serious trouble at school, or having done anything in the last year that could have gotten them in trouble with the police. A dichotomous score was created for each question, with a ��1�� indicating at least one of the friends had engaged in the behavior.