6C). These data suggest that the Akt/FOXO4 pathway downstream of PI3K plays a crucial role in the increased expression of p27kip1 in HSCs of Nox1KO. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a dual phosphatase that negatively regulates the PI3K/Akt pathway.28 The

activity of PTEN is regulated by phosphorylation and oxidation. Phosphorylation of PTEN influences protein stability,29 whereas Regorafenib research buy oxidation of PTEN negatively regulates enzyme activity.30 Because ROS derived from NADPH oxidase could oxidize and inactivate PTEN,31 we examined the potential role of PTEN in NOX1-mediated regulation of cell proliferation. As shown in Fig. 7A, a significant decrease in the oxidized form of PTEN was demonstrated in HSCs isolated from Nox1KO. In accordance with these findings, a marked decrease Vemurafenib in the oxidized form of PTEN was demonstrated in WT cells treated with N-acetylcysteine (Fig. 7B). On the other hand, no difference in the level of phosphorylated

PTEN was observed between the two genotypes (Fig. 7C). These findings suggest that ROS derived from NOX1 inactivate PTEN to enhance the Akt signaling pathway. In this study, NOX1/NADPH oxidase was demonstrated to play an essential role in liver injury and fibrosis. The principal findings obtained include the following: (1) NOX1 was up-regulated in the liver of mice subjected to BDL. (2) Increased parameters indicating liver injury and collagen synthesis induced by BDL were 上海皓元 significantly attenuated in Nox1KO. (3) Activated HSCs were reduced in Nox1KO liver after BDL. (4) Proliferation of cultured HSCs was attenuated in Nox1KO. (5) Increased expression of p27kip1 was accompanied by decreased levels of phosphorylated Akt/FOXO4 and of the oxidized form of PTEN in HSCs isolated from Nox1KO. These results suggest that ROS derived from NOX1 inactivate PTEN and promote proliferation of HSCs by way of the Akt/FOXO4/p27kip1 signaling pathway, which leads to the development of fibrosis following liver injury (Fig. 8). Tyrphostin AG1295, a selective inhibitor of PDGF-receptor kinase, partially

but significantly suppressed the induction of NOX1 in cultured HSCs. As PDGF is known to induce NOX1 in vascular smooth muscle cells,24, 25 up-regulation of NOX1 may be at least partly attributable to augmented PDGF signaling following liver injury. In fact, the level of PDGF mRNA was significantly elevated in the liver of BDL mice. Recently, NOX1 was reported to control autocrine cell growth of liver tumor cells through regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Targeted knockdown of NOX1 attenuated autocrine cell growth along with decreased EGFR expression and signaling.32 In our primary cultured HSCs, increased expression of NOX1 mRNA was observed under serum starvation (Supporting Fig. 6A). However, there was no difference in the level of EGFR between WT and Nox1KO HSCs (Supporting Fig. 6B).