5 hours prior to treatment with ConA or D-galactosamine/LPS Hydr

5 hours prior to treatment with ConA or D-galactosamine/LPS. Hydrodynamic perfusion was performed essentially as described.21, 22 Details are reported in the Supporting Methods. For the detection of aminotransferases, blood was drawn by way of

cardiac puncture 15 hours after ConA injection. Livers were removed in toto. The left lower lobe was split into two equal parts. One half was encapsulated together with the left upper lobe for histology. The remaining half was divided into three parts—one part in RNAlater (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and two parts were snap-frozen together with the right upper lobe in liquid nitrogen. The right middle lobe was embedded in Tissue-TEK OCT compound (Sakura, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands) and stored at −80°C until further analysis. Liver damage was quantified by measurement DNA Damage inhibitor of plasma enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) using an automated procedure. One half of the left lower lobe and the left upper lobe were encapsulated and fixed in 10% buffered formalin overnight at room temperature. Tissue

was then embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Sections were photographed using a 5× objective lens, and necrosis fields were marked and quantified using ImageJ processing and analysis software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). All experiments were performed using FL83B murine hepatocytes (American Type Culture NVP-LDE225 supplier Collection No. CRL-2390). For PBEF gene silencing, FL83B cells were either stably transfected using Vasopressin Receptor short hairpin RNA (shRNA) -producing lentiviral particles or transfected with PBEF1-specific small interfering RNAs. Primary Kupffer cells were prepared as

described.23 Details including apoptosis experiments are described in the Supporting Methods. Total RNA was extracted from cells and tissues using TRIZOL reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen). Further polymerase chain reaction details are outlined in the Supporting Methods. Protein from cells and tissue was extracted using M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent supplemented with Halt protease inhibitor cocktail according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Protein concentrations were determined using Bradford reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Western Blot analyses are detailed in the Supporting Methods. Concentrations of CXCL1/KC in cell culture supernatants were determined using commercially available antibody pairs and protein standards from R&D Systems (McKinley Place, Minneapolis, MN). Circulating human PBEF was assayed using a human visfatin (C-terminal) enzyme immunometric assay (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Burlingame, CA). Mouse serum PBEF was determined using a mouse visfatin/PBEF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (MBL, Woburn, MA).

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

*

You may use these HTML tags and attributes: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong>