5 ± 0.2 (1.7 – 4.8) 82 ± 9 (20 – 153) 2.4 ± 0.3 (1.2 – 5.0) 77 ± 12 (16 – 173) 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.3 – 4.7) 83 ± 12 (27 – 156) Men (n = 7) 2.4 ± 0.4 (1.2 – 4.2) 92 ± 5 (78 – 109) 2.2 ± 0.4 (1.0 – 3.8) 82 ± 11 (60 – 135) 2.3 ± 0.5 (1.0 – 3.8) 74 ± 10 (45 – 106) Entire Group (n = 19) 2.5 ± 0.2 (1.2 – 4.8) 85 ± 8 (20 – 153) 2.4 ± 0.3 (1.0 – 5.0) 78 ± 8 (16 – 173) 2.2 ± 0.3 (1.0 – 4.7) 80 ± 8 (27 – 156) Experimental     see more         Women (n = 13) 2.0 ± 0.2 (1.0 – 4.1) 74 ± 9 (12 – 128) 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.0 – 4.0) 58 ± 6 (29 – 93) 1.7 ± 0.2 (1.0 – 3.0)

74 ± 10 (40 – 166) Men (n = 6) 3.1 ± 0.2 (2.1 – 4.0) 105 ± 15 (41 – 170) 2.8 ± 0.5 (1.1 – 5.8) 91 ± 15 (15 – 127) 3.4 ± 0.4 (2.0 – 5.8) 92 ± 16 (47 – 145) Entire Group (n = 19) 2.4 ± 0.2 (1.0 – 4.1) 85 ± 6 (12 – 170) 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.0 – 5.8) 70 ± 8 (15 – 127) 2.3 ± 0.2 (1.0 – 5.8) 81 ± 8 (40 – 166) † SRWC = self-reported water consumption as recorded within food diaries. Results from the diet diaries were also evaluated for changes in total caloric intake, macronutrient Tideglusib supplier intake (protein, fat, and carbohydrate), mineral content (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium), as well as the number of food exchange equivalents for the consumption of fruits, vegetables, meat, starches, fat, and milk products. There were no significant changes for any these variables

for either Control or Experimental groups BTK assay across the three test periods (P > 0.10). In addition, the

computation of average daily PRAL for the Control group did not change significantly between pre-treatment (20.5 ± 4.0 mEq/day), treatment (26.6 ± 6.4 mEq/day), and post-treatment (21.6 ± 5.0 mEq/day) phases (P = 0.29). Similarly, PRAL computations for the Experimental group did not change significantly across the same test periods (22.3 ± 5.6, 20.0 ± 5.0, and 32.2 ± 15.0 mEq/day, respectively) (P = 0.66). Blood and Urine Variables Daily urine output during the pre-treatment period averaged (Mean ± SE) 2.16 ± 0.24 and 2.67 ± 0.29 L/day for the Control and Experimental groups, respectively. Each subject’s 24-hour urine output values were adjusted to change scores (i.e., 24-hour urine output minus output for first measurement) and where plotted in Figure 1. 6-phosphogluconolactonase While urine output for the Control group did not change significantly over the course of the study, output for the Experimental group began decreasing by the sixth and seventh measurements (i.e., end of the first treatment week) with the last two treatment period collections being significantly lower (-0.44 to -0.46 L/day) than the reference value of zero L/day (P < 0.05). Figure 1 Changes in 24-hour urine output (L/day) across the three study periods.