If changes in between-population movements are studied, mean individual AZD1480 in vitro movement distances may well indicate the effect-distance, as individuals that live farther from the road than the mean individual movement distance will not likely

reach the road corridor and road mitigation measures. However, if genetic features are studied, individual movement distances are not suitable indicators for the effect-distance, as the genetic changes will diffuse from the local area adjacent to the road and indirectly affect the broader population over time. The same applies if population size/density is the selected measurement endpoint. In cases where little is known about the spatial extent of road or road mitigation effects, as will often be the case, or where cumulative effects of multiple roads are expected, sampling should be done at multiple spatial scales. Step 7: Select MK5108 chemical structure covariates to measure Sampling should not just be limited to the selected measurement endpoint. Other variables should also be measured to improve

interpretation of the results, provide better comparisons among study sites, and allow for stronger inferences concerning the causes of observed differences. We recommend documenting spatial (among sites, where BKM120 appropriate) and/or temporal (within sites over time, where appropriate) variability in: (1) road design and traffic, (2) crossing structure design and use, and (3) structural features of the surrounding landscape, all of which have been shown to influence the use of road mitigation measures (Clevenger and Waltho 2000; McDonald and St-Clair 2004; Ng et al. 2004; Clevenger and Waltho 2005; van Vuurde and van der Grift 2005; Ascensão and Mira 2007; Grilo et al. 2008). Road design covariates should include road width, road surface elevation (elevated road bed or road bed in cut), presence and type of pavement, presence and type of street lights, presence and type of fences, presence and type of noise screens, presence and width of median strip, presence and type of barriers

in the median strip, presence and width of road verges, and presence and type of vegetation in road verges. Traffic clonidine volume and speed should be documented at several temporal scales (e.g., daily, seasonally, annually). Road mitigation covariates should include size and characteristics of the crossing structures, the type and size of wildlife fences, passage use by the target species and non-target species, and presence and frequency of use by humans and domestic animals. Information on the duration of the construction period that marks the transition from the ‘before’ to the ‘after’ situation and the date that road mitigation measures were ready for use may also be important. Finally, landscape covariates should include the altitude, topography, land use, type and amount of vegetation and the occurrence of characteristic landscape elements (e.g.