In some cases, a fourth IDR was performed after another 3-month washout period and animals were also left untreated. Frozen sections (10 µm) were prepared from surgical skin biopsies embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT compound and maintained at −80°C. Sections were air-dried at room temperature for 1 h before acetone fixation for 10 min at room temperature. Sections were incubated with PBS containing 10% baboon serum, 2% normal goat serum and 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Sections were incubated overnight with primary antibodies at 4°C and washed with PBS (and

serum), followed by 90 min incubation with secondary antibodies. T cell infiltration analysis was performed with a rabbit anti-human CD3 (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), followed by a FITC-labelled donkey anti-rabbit https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Maraviroc.html IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch). CD4+ cells were analysed with a mouse anti-human CD4 (clone 13B8·2; Beckman Coulter) followed by an Alexa568-labelled Akt inhibitor goat anti-mouse IgG (H + L) antibody (Invitrogen). CD8+ cells were analysed with a PE-labelled mouse anti-human CD8 (clone B9·11; Beckman Coulter). Macrophage infiltration was detected using a mouse anti-human CD68 (clone PGM1; Beckman Coulter), followed by an Alexa 568-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen). LAG-3+ cells were labelled with a mouse anti-human Lag3 (clone 11E3; Immutep) plus Alexa568-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG (H + L) antibody (Invitrogen). All slides were

analysed using fluorescent microscopy and AxioVision imaging software (Carl Zeiss, Le Pecq, France). A grading system from 0 to 3 was used, representing no infiltration, moderate (< 10% of the surface), medium (> 10% and < 30% of the surface) and severe (> 30% of the surface) infiltration of the observed region, evaluated on 10 microscope fields chosen randomly on the preparation. The murine A9H12 mAb was selected because of its high binding affinity to LAG-3 and its potency at inducing complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and ADCC on LAG-3+ cells (not shown). A chimeric

form of A9H12 was generated in CHO cells by fusing the VH and VL chain regions of murine A9H12 to the constant regions of human IgG1. The ability of the resulting antibody to bind LAG-3 efficiently was tested on cells expressing an ectopic or a natural LAG-3 ligand (Fig. 1a,b, respectively). The cAMP inhibitor analysis of real-time interaction performed using BIAcore surface plasmon resonance on a sensor chip coated with recombinant hLAG-Ig revealed good affinity of the antibody to its antigen (kD 5 × 10−10 M, Kon 2 × 106/M/s, Koff 1 × 10−3/s). The in vitro potency of the chimeric A9H12 mAb to induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied using LAG-3+ primary T cells. To induce physiologically the expression of LAG-3 on T cells, PBMCs were stimulated with a CMV peptide pool. Stimulation induced the expression of the activation marker CD25 and LAG-3 on about 4·18 ± 0·13% of CD8+ T cells and 1·40 ± 0·04% of CD4+ T cells.