(C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against rabies virus, including IgG3 kappa, IgG2a kappa, IgM kappa, and an IgG2b kappa isotype, were produced and characterized using neutralization, ELISA, immunodot-blot, and immunofluorescence assays. MAb JNJ-64619178 datasheet 8D11, which recognized rabies virus glycoprotein, was found to neutralize rabies virus in vitro. When submitted to an immunofluorescence assay,

seven MAbs showed different reactivity against 35 Brazilian rabies virus isolates. Three MAbs (LIA 02, 3E6, and 9C7) only failed to recognize one or two virus isolates, whereas MAb 6H8 was found to be reactive against all virus isolates tested. MAbs were also evaluated for their immunoreactivity against fixed rabies virus strains present in human and veterinary commercial vaccines. MAbs LIA 02, 6H8, and EPZ015938 9C7 reacted against all vaccine strains, while the remaining MAbs recognized at least 76% of vaccine strains tested. This research provides a set of MAbs with potential application for improving existing or developing new diagnostic tests and immunoassays. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Genetic redundancy means that two genes can perform the same function. Using a comprehensive

phylogenetic analysis, we show here in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans that genetic redundancy is not just a transient consequence of gene duplication, but is often an evolutionary stable state. In multiple examples, genes have retained redundant functions since the divergence of the animal, plant and fungi kingdoms over a billion years ago. The stable conservation of genetic Vitamin B12 redundancy contrasts with the more rapid evolution of genetic interactions between unrelated genes and can be explained by theoretical models including a ‘piggyback’ mechanism in which overlapping redundant functions are co-selected with nonredundant ones.”
“Recent

studies indicate deficits in associative working memory in patients with medial-temporal lobe amnesia. However, it is unclear whether these deficits reflect working memory processing or are due to hippocampally mediated long-term memory impairment. We investigated associative working memory in relation to subsequent episodic memory formation in patients with early Alzheimer’s disease to examine whether these findings reflect deficits in long-term encoding rather than ‘pure’ working memory processing. Nineteen patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 21 controls performed a working memory task in which objects had to be searched at different locations. The subsequent episodic memory test required participants to reposition objects to their original locations. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease were impaired on associative working memory and subsequent episodic memory, but they performed above chance at high-load episodic memory trials.