we investigated 58 students with extreme scores on the behavioral inhibition system and behavioral approach system (BIS/BAS) scales The baseline-to-peak N2, amplitude was sensitive to the strength of decision conflict and demonstrated RST-related personality differences In addition to the baseline N2 amplitude. temporal PCA results suggested two N2 components accounting For a laterality effect and capturing different N2 patterns for BIS/BAS groups with increasing

conflict level Evidence for RST-related personality differences was obtained for baseline-to-peak N2 and tPCA components in the present task The results Support the RST prediction that BAS sensitivity modulates conflict processing and confirm the cognitive-motivational conflict concept of RST”
“Many actions take some time to have an impact – their effects only appear click here at some point in the future. Such time lags turn out to be ubiquitous among living organisms. Here we study the impact of time lags in the evolutionary dynamics of cooperative

collective action. We consider a population in which individuals interact via a N-Person Stag Hunt dilemma and must opt to cooperate or defect. In the absence of any delay, the replicator dynamics reveals the existence of regimes in which two internal fixed points appear simultaneously. We show that the presence of time delay in the fitness of individuals leads to a delayed replicator equation exhibiting new evolutionary profiles, each profile being separated by critical values of the delay that we determine explicitly. When we break the symmetry in the time lags, we show JSH-23 supplier that, generally, defectors take more advantage from delay than cooperators. Finally, when we take into consideration, approximately, effects associated with the finite population size, we find that counter-intuitive evolutionary outcomes may occur, resulting from the

interplay between delay and the basins of attraction in the neighborhood of the internal fixed-points, and which may lead to full cooperation GNAT2 in conditions under which the outcome would be Full Defection in infinite populations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mice with functional ablation of the substance P-preferring receptor gene (‘Nk1r’ in mice (‘NK1R-/-’), ‘TACR1′ in humans) display deficits in cognitive performance that resemble those seen in patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): namely, inattentiveness, impulsivity and perseveration. A recent report suggested that the L-type Ca-v channel blocker, nifedipine, can ameliorate behavioral abnormalities of this type in humans. In light of evidence that NK1R antagonists modulate the opening of these L-type channels, we investigated whether nifedipine modifies %premature responses (impulsivity), perseveration or %omissions (inattentiveness) in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Task (5-CSRTT) and whether the response differs in NK1R-/- and wildtype mice.