Our results show that a hierarchical distributed network is synchronized between individuals during the processing of extended musical sequences, and provide new insight

into the temporal integration of complex and biologically salient auditory sequences. Music is a cultural universal and a rich part of the human experience. Brain imaging studies have identified an array of structures that underlie critical components of music, including pitch (Zatorre et al., 1994; Patel & Balaban, 2001), harmony (Janata et al., 2002; Passynkova et al., 2005), rhythm (Snyder & Large, 2005; Grahn & Rowe, 2009), timbre (Menon et al., 2002; Deike et al., 2004) and musical syntax (Levitin & Menon, 2005; Abrams et al., 2011; Oechslin et al., 2012). A drawback of probing neural substrates of ABT-199 in vivo individual musical features is that artificially CP-868596 price constructed laboratory stimuli do not represent music as it is commonly heard, limiting the ecological validity of such studies. Furthermore, this componential approach fails to tap into one of the most important aspects of listeners’ musicality – the ability to integrate components of musical information over extended time periods (on the order of minutes)

into a coherent perceptual gestalt (Leaver et al., 2009). Examining the synchronization of brain responses across listeners constitutes a novel approach for exploring neural substrates of musical information processing. Inter-subject synchronization (ISS) using functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI) detects common stimulus-driven brain structures by calculating voxel-wise correlations in fMRI activity over time between subjects (Hasson et al., 2004). The theoretical basis for using this approach is that brain structures that are consistently synchronized across subjects during an extended stimulus constitute core brain regions responsible for tracking structural elements of that stimulus over time (Hasson et al., 2010). ISS represents a fundamentally different approach, and provides advantages, relative to conventional fMRI methods new (Wilson et al., 2008; see Fig. S1). ISS allows us to examine cognitive processes that require the integration of information over extended time periods; this is critical for the study of music in which the structure of musical elements is manifested over time. Furthermore, ISS does not rely on a priori assumptions about specific stimulus events or subtraction paradigms that require comparison of discrete perceptual or cognitive events. Our goal was to examine shared neural representations underlying the processing of natural musical stimuli (‘Natural Music’; Fig. 1). We used ISS to identify brain regions that showed synchronized activity across individuals in response to music.

5–7 years Partial crossover n = 20 3.99 Parallel n = 31 9 Parallel n = 30 Age range = 3–9 Parallel n = 90 (30 per group) Age range = 3–10 Parallel Transient desaturation

(n = 4) 0.75 mg/kg midazolam (n = 10) 1 mg/kg midazolam Nausea and drowsiness (n = 3) 0.5 mg/kg midazolam (n = 7) 0.75 mg/kg midazolam (n = 12) 1 mg/kg midazolam n = 21 7.3 Parallel n = 46 12.5 Crossover n = 35 7.4 Crossover n = 486 Mean ages ranged from 3.3 to 12.5 All of these studies had oral midazolam as an intervention and were prospective and subjects were assigned to groups randomly. More detailed assessment see more of the quality and risk of bias of these studies has been reported by Lourenço-Matharu et al.[3] In general, the quality of reporting

was low and a significant proportion were crossover studies (7, 44%) with the attendant problem of the carryover effect. No significant side effects were reported. Minor adverse Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor events were more common (n = 68, 14% of cases); classifications are further summarised in Table 3, with nausea and vomiting being the most common side effect reported (n = 30, 6%). After combining the results from Medline and Embase searches, hand searching and removing papers that did not meet the criteria, nine papers were included. Two further papers were found after searching the reference lists of included papers to bring the total to eleven[29-39]. Data from these papers are summarised in Table 2. Only the numbers of subjects having oral midazolam are described. Summary data are at the bottom of the table; only simple summary measures could be calculated due to the limited data available from some

studies. n = 15 Age range = 3–9 Retrospective study n = 101 Mean age between 2.9 and 5 (SD 1.6, 1.0) Retrospective study 250 treatment episodes (160 patients) 6.7 Prospective Sleep (n = 3) Dizziness (n = 1) n = 61 Age range  = 2–4.8 Non-randomised controlled trial comparing age range Hiccups, loss ofbalance and paradoxical agitation. Supplemental oxygen given. No numbers given 786 treatment episodes (579 patients) 5.4 Retrospective study Hallucinations (n = 2) Vomiting (n = 9) n = 109 Prospective study Agitation Oversedation Mild ‘inhalation problem No numbers given n = 24 3 years Prospective study 91 treatment episodes Plasmin (40 patients) Age range 1.3 and 9.3 Prospective study Paradoxical reactions (n = 3) Transient desaturation (n = 2) – group unclear, assumed oral n = 510 4.9 Prospective study Hiccups (n = 18) Diplopia (n = 18) Crying/agitation (n = 74) Enuresis (n = 5) n = 45 2–4.9 Prospective study n = 40 (20 per group) 2.5 (0.3) 0.7 mg/kg 1.7 (0.3) 1 mg/kg Retrospective study 0.7 mg/kg midazolam vs 1 mg/kg midazolam vs 0.7 mg/kg midazolam + 1.0 mg/kg meperidine vs 0.7 mg/kg midazolam + 1.5 mg/kg meperidine vs 1.0 mg/kg midazolam + 1.0 mg/kg meperidine vs 1.0 mg/kg midazolam + 1.5 mg/kg meperidine All oral n = 2032a Mean ages ranged from 1.7 to 6.

Its elements are specific selleck screening library for subgroups or even single strains and are likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Similarities of the accessory genomic elements to DNA from other bacterial species, mainly the DNA of γ- and β-proteobacteria, indicate a role of interspecies HGT. In this study, we analysed the expression of the accessory genome in 150 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates as uncovered by transcriptome sequencing and the presence of accessory genes in eleven additional isolates.

Remarkably, despite the large number of P. aeruginosa strains that have been sequenced to date, we found new strain-specific compositions of accessory genomic elements and a high portion (10–20%) of genes without P. aeruginosa homologues. Although some genes were detected to be expressed/present in several isolates, individual patterns regarding the genes, their functions and the possible origin of the DNA were widespread among the tested strains. Our results demonstrate the unaltered potential to discover new traits within the P. aeruginosa population and underline that the P. aeruginosa pangenome is likely to increase with increasing sequence information. “
“Depending on the genetic background

of Saccharomyces strains, a wide range of phenotypic adhesion identities can be directly attributed to the FLO11-encoded glycoprotein, which includes asexual flocculation, invasive growth and pseudohyphal formation, flor formation and adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces. In a previous study, we reported that PLX4032 concentration HSP30-mediated stationary-phase expression of the native chromosomal FLO11 ORF in two nonflocculent commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast strains, BM45 or VIN13 did not generate a flocculent phenotype Resveratrol under either standard laboratory media or synthetic MS300 must fermentation conditions. In the present study, the BM45- and

VIN13-derived HSP30p-FLO11 wine yeast transformants were observed to be exclusively and strongly flocculent under authentic red wine-making conditions, thus suggesting that this specific fermentation environment specifically contributes to the development of a flocculent phenotype, which is insensitive to either glucose or mannose. Furthermore, irrespective of the strain involved this phenotype displayed both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent flocculation characteristics. A distinct advantage of this unique FLO11-based phenotype was highlighted in its ability to dramatically promote faster lees settling rates. Moreover, wines produced by BM45-F11H and VIN13-F11H transformants were significantly less turbid than those produced by their wild-type parental strains. Primarily driven by the economic importance of flocculation to downstream processing in the brewing industry, a concerted attempt was made to understand the genetics of flocculation.

3). All sourdough Weissella strains revealed a dextransucrase at 180 kDa, which is similar to the dextransucrase visualized from the reference NRRL B-512F strain. A similar band pattern was obtained for both conditions of culture i.e. with sucrose or glucose as the carbon source (Fig. 3a and b, respectively). Conversely, no active band was detected with the reference strain NRRL B-512F when cultivated in glucose growth conditions (Fig. 3b); thus confirming the well-known MDV3100 molecular weight sucrose induction of dextransucrase. The most intense bands were observed for soluble fractions that previously exhibited higher enzyme activity in DNS assays. This confirms that W. cibaria and W. confusa 180 kDa dextransucrase

is mainly soluble and is produced either with sucrose or with glucose as the carbon source. Besides, an additional faint band was detected at 300 kDa for the W. confusa DSM 20196T strain and only in sucrose growth conditions (Fig. 3a, not visible in the supernatant), suggesting the presence of an additional sucrose-inducible dextransucrase. The sourdough strain K39, which produced the highest soluble enzyme activity, was selected to perform Bortezomib supplier protein sequencing in order to design specific primers. Indeed, a first

attempt to detect dextransucrase encoding genes from W. cibaria and W. confusa strains (Bounaix et al., 2009) was unsuccessful using degenerate primers DegFor-DegRev (Kralj et al., 2003), targeting conserved regions within the catalytic domains of LAB glucansucrases (Fig. 4), as also reported by several authors (Tieking et al., 2003; Di Cagno et al., 2006; van der Meulen

et al., 2007; Schwab et al., 2008). As shown in Fig. 4a, six peptides were generated during microsequencing of the K39 soluble 180 kDa dextransucrase, and the peptide sequences showed similarity with the glucansucrase GTFKg3 of Lactobacillus fermentum Kg3 (Kralj et al., 2004). A first set of degenerate primers bMAR1F-bMAR2R was designed (Fig. 4b and Table 1). PCR amplification yielded a 2500-bp amplicon from W. cibaria K39 DNA. Partial sequencing of this fragment allowed to design nondegenerate oligonucleotide primers dsrK39For through and dsrK39Rev (Fig. 4b and Table 1). Using these primers, a 1950-bp fragment was obtained from W. cibaria strains DNA, but no fragment was amplified from the two W. confusa strains DNA. Partial sequencing of the PCR products from strain K39 confirmed the similarity to dextransucrase (Fig. 5). The corresponding predicted amino acid sequence, named DSRK39, showed >98% identity to GTFKg3 of L. fermentum Kg3 (Kralj et al., 2004) and DSRWC from W. cibaria CMU (Kang et al., 2009) as well as 64.4% identity to DSR-S from L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F, which is in agreement with the dextransucrase activity. Notably, the regions in the vicinity of the catalytic triad (D, E, D) are relatively conserved in these enzymes.

Recent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as syphilis and nongonococcal urethritis, and public bath use have also been associated with colonization [17]. These data suggest that, in addition to HIV infection or medical factors, lifestyle behaviours may contribute to higher rates of MRSA learn more colonization. Table 1 shows a summary of studies examining MRSA infections among HIV-infected persons [4-6, 9, 10, 16, 20, 22-38]. In the HAART era, the majority (85%) of MRSA infections among HIV-infected out-patients have

been SSTIs [5, 10, 20, 22, 27, 30, 32], similar to the general population [2, 39]. SSTIs also account for a significant proportion of MRSA infections in inpatients and are an increasing cause of hospitalizations [38, 40]. Mathews (2005) [25] 7.1% developed MRSA infection during the study period (6.7% CA-MRSA). The incidence of CA-MRSA infection in 2005 was 40.3/1000 PY. 21% of patients with CA-MRSA developed a recurrent MRSA infection Szumowski* (2007) [27] 179 of 183 cases were MRSA SSTI (abscess, n = 121;

Selisistat mouse cellulitis, n = 17; folliculitis, n = 18; wound infection, n = 15; ulceration, n = 6; impetigo, n = 2). One case of joint infection, one of acute sinusitis, one of BSI and one of pneumonia Today, the majority of SSTIs among HIV-infected persons are caused by CA-MRSA strains [4, 5]. Abscesses are usually the most commonly reported SSTI, followed by cellulitis, furuncles, folliculitis, ulcerations, wound infections and impetigo [5, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 37]. SSTIs among HIV-infected patients are usually mild and associated with low rates of complications (e.g. bacteraemia) [5, 32]. Cases of necrotizing fasciitis have emerged, although

there is no indication that HIV-infected persons are at an increased risk for these infections [34, 41-43]. The most common locations of SSTIs have traditionally been Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK the lower and upper extremities, followed by the trunk, axillae, face and neck. Recently, MRSA SSTIs are increasingly reported in the perigenital regions [5, 10, 24, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 44]. In the general population, infections with MRSA in these regions have also been documented and associated with high-risk sexual behaviours [45]. MRSA remains an important cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections, which increasingly involve community strains (e.g. the USA300 genotype) [16]. Risk factors for bacteraemia include injection drug use (IDU), end-stage renal disease and low CD4 count (<200 cells/μL) [31]. Bloodstream infections may be complicated by the development of endocarditis [38, 46, 47]; however, this complication does not appear to occur at higher rates among HIV-infected persons.

Pregnant women receiving a PI-based regimen were eligible and written informed consent was obtained. Patients received a triple-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen containing the oral LPV/r tablet (Kaletra, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA) at the standard dose of 400/100 mg (two tablets) twice daily as part of their antiretroviral regimen. Patients with decompensated liver disease or, in the investigators’ opinion, who were likely to deliver within 2 weeks of study entry were excluded. Informed consent was obtained

prior to enrolment in the study. Blood sampling was undertaken in the first, second and selleck products third trimesters in women who were already stable on ART at conception. For women who commenced ART in pregnancy, steady-state plasma concentrations were measured at 2 weeks following initiation of ART and during the third trimester. Additionally, women who remained on LPV/r after delivery had drug concentrations determined postpartum. Demographic and clinical parameters were collected. HIV plasma viral load (pVL) and CD4 cell counts were determined at baseline and at the time of TDM sampling (antepartum and postpartum) and at delivery. Throughout the study period, total plasma lopinavir concentrations were acquired in Smoothened antagonist real time and LPV/r doses were adjusted based on predetermined efficacy-based cut-offs. Blood samples were taken by venipuncture the morning after the

evening dose of LPV/r (approximately 12–14 h post-dose). Blood was collected in heparin tubes and centrifuged immediately (at 1000 g and 4 °C for 10 min) and the plasma was removed and stored at −30 °C. Prior to analysis the plasma was heat-inactivated not (at 58 °C for 40 min). Total plasma LPV and RTV concentrations were determined in real time at the Liverpool Pharmacology Research Laboratories using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methodology [20]. The laboratory is GCLP (Good Clinical Laboratory Practice) accredited and participates in an external quality assurance programme (KKGT, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) [21]. The assay lower

limit of quantification (LLQ) for LPV and RTV was 16 and 5 ng/mL, respectively. Unbound (ultrafiltrate) LPV concentrations were quantified using an adapted version of this method in order to account for differential matrix effects. Calibration curves were constructed in spiked ultrafiltrate over an LPV concentration range of 5.45–421 ng/mL. Inter- and intra-assay variation ranged between 7 and 8% and between 2 and 6%, respectively. Ultrafiltration was used to separate total and unbound LPV. Centrifree® Micro-partition filter device filters (maximum volume 1 mL; Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA) were incubated with Tween-20 (500 μL; 5%; Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hemel Hempstead, UK) at room temperature for 24 h to limit nonspecific binding (adsorption) of free drug to the surface of the device.

Differential CS+ and CS− processing was visible after, but not before,

associative learning. These findings correspond to evidence for an N1m modulation obtained in our first auditory MultiCS conditioning study (Bröckelmann et al., 2011) and with the N1m effect reported in Kluge et al. (2011). While closer inspection of the time-course of the difference waves revealed an affect-specific modulation even in a time-interval TSA HDAC ic50 extended until 150 ms post-stimulus we conclude that, regarding temporal characteristics of the emotion effect, there is a general close correspondence across the shock-conditioning and the auditory scene-conditioning study: both report highly Ku-0059436 resolving modulation of cortical processing starting 100 ms after CS onset and overlapping the N1m time-interval as a function of a tone’s acquired behavioural significance. The N1m is a major auditory sensory evoked component and sensitive to directed attention driven by current goals, task relevance or inherent physical salience.

Directed attention prioritises behaviourally relevant stimuli in the competition for limited processing resources by means of sensory gain control (Hillyard & Anllo-Vento, 1998). N1m amplitudes are increased for stimuli carrying behaviourally relevant or physically salient spatial and non-spatial features (Hillyard et al., 1973; Woldorff et al., 1993; Ozaki et al.,

2004; Fritz et al., 2007; Poghosyan & Ioannides, 2008). It has been suggested that motivated attention automatically engaged by appetitive and aversive stimuli with intrinsic or acquired significance for Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II basic motive systems (Lang et al., 1998b; Vuilleumier, 2005) might likewise mediate affect-specific processing of emotionally salient stimuli. Recent studies have stressed the similarities between directed and motivated attention in vision (Moratti et al., 2004; Ferrari et al., 2008; Steinberg et al., 2012a) and audition (Bröckelmann et al., 2011), and proposed that the same neural circuitry might be recruited in the presence of behaviourally relevant emotional and non-emotional stimuli. This view is supported by the current findings, not only in terms of temporal dynamics but also with regards to spatial characteristics of the N1m emotion effect. L2-MNP source estimations localised affect-specific processing in regions in parietotemporal and prefrontal cortex that showed substantial overlap with a distributed frontal–parietal–temporal network identified in our previous auditory MultiCS conditioning study (Bröckelmann et al., 2011) and implicated in neuroimaging studies on selective directed attention as a domain-independent neural circuitry underlying the control of auditory and visual attention (Corbetta & Shulman, 2002; Bidet-Caulet & Bertrand, 2005; Fritz et al., 2007).

Experiments in mice demonstrated that the mutant strain was less virulent than the parental strain and that it induced a significant immune response in a mouse model when administered intraperitoneally. This may pave the way for developing a live attenuated SEZ-Cap

vaccine that induces protective immunity against both SEZ and PCV2. Further research in pigs is required to confirm protective levels and safety of this vaccine. This study was supported by the National Swine Industry Technology System Foundation (CARS-36), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20110490971) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30871772). Z.W. and Q.F. contributed equally to this paper. “
“Campylobacter-specific bacteriophages (phages) Selleckchem 17-AAG are considered as an alternative intervention strategy to decrease the level of poultry contamination with Campylobacter, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Eradication efficiency depends primarily on phage-host interaction mediated by phage tail-spike proteins and bacterial receptors. www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-1775.html Here, this interaction was characterised using tail-spike gene sequence

analysis, phage neutralisation by antiserum and host range analysis of newly isolated group III Campylobacter phages with 68 Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains. Three different groups of phages were obtained using antibody neutralisation assay, and they were further divided according to polymorphisms observed within tail fibre sequences and host range. Only moderate congruence was observed between these criteria with notable exception of two phages. The infection relied on capsule in all phages isolated, and flagella

were found to influence phage propagation on agar plates, but not in broth. Their specificity was more C. jejuni oriented with tendency to lyse human isolates more efficiently. Additionally, natural resistance of C. jejuni to phages did not correlate with their antibiotic resistance patterns. These findings provide new insights into Campylobacter–phage interaction. “
“Vibrio tapetis is the etiological agent of brown ring disease (BRD) why in clams. Phenotypic, antigenic and genetic variability have been demonstrated, with three groups being established associated with host origin. In this work we analyze the variability of representative strains of these three groups, CECT 4600T and GR0202RD, isolated from Manila clam and carpet-shell clam, respectively, and HH6087, isolated from halibut, on the basis of the whole proteome analysis by 2D-PAGE and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). A quantitative analysis of the proteome match coefficient showed a similarity of 79% between the clam isolates, whereas fish isolate showed similarities lower than 70%. A preliminary mass spectrometry (MS) assay allowed the identification of 27 proteins including 50S ribosomal protein L9, riboflavin synthase β subunit, ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase and succinyl-CoA synthase α subunit.

01% to 0.1% require medical evacuation.1,2 Fortunately, the death rate is low. A number of studies have examined the death rate of their citizens abroad, mostly using national foreign affairs data3–18 or observational studies.19 Unlike many Western countries, there are no data available on the numbers and causes of death of buy LGK-974 Dutch citizens abroad, even

though countless of Dutch travelers visit destinations outside the Netherlands each year. This lack of information is mostly a result of the absence of a mandatory registration system of Dutch citizens who died abroad. Although the death rate of citizens abroad remains an important indicator of a country’s safety profile, it can—from an alternative point of view—also be Vincristine molecular weight considered as the end point of accumulation of personal risk factors, including traveler’s personal health and behavior, which may be preventable to a certain extent. Detailed knowledge on these causes of death of travelers abroad is needed to accurately estimate these health risks. Moreover, this information may also be used as an important feedback tool to improve the quality and focus of our current travel health consultation and preparation. The aim of this study is to provide more insight in the number and causes of death of Dutch citizens abroad in relation to their travel destination. In 2009, we performed a questionnaire-based

survey among all Dutch general physicians. The questionnaire dealt with the following six items: (1) Do you 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase give pretravel advice and to how many persons? (2) How many of your clients in your practice died abroad in the years 2007 and 2008? (3) What was the country of death? (4) What was the cause of death? (5) What was the age and gender of the deceased?

and (6) Do you have any additional information on the cause of death? All countries were classified in regions, according to the designated six World Health Organization (WHO) regions (available at www.who.int/about/regions/en/). These six regions were the European region including Turkey, Russia, and Greenland; the region of the Americas, both North America and South America; the African region, the whole continent apart from Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan, Somalia, and Egypt; the Eastern Mediterranean region including the Middle East and Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan, Somalia, and Egypt; the Southeast Asian region with also India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka; and the Western Pacific region including countries like China, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Australia. Demographic data, numbers and causes of deaths, and the countries of death were statistically analyzed using SPSS (v.15.0) software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The number of Dutch travelers to all countries and regions in the world was obtained from the World Tourist Organization (available at www.e-unwto.org/home/main.mpx).

We have demonstrated that the reduction in pathogenicity is attributable to the detachment of the germlings

on treatment with effective enzymes. In this study, MMPs were confirmed to be useful for protecting wheat from M. oryzae. Such a detachment effect by MMPs was also reported find more in Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype (Hyon et al., 2009) suggesting universality in filamentous fungi. We also demonstrated biological control for rice blast disease by employing detachment action with gelatinolytic bacteria (Shimoi et al., 2010). Further studies are needed to elucidate the particular substrate(s) of these enzymes in filamentous fungi. We are indebted to Professor Yukio Tosa, Kobe University, for providing M. oryzae (Br48), wheat seeds, and valuable suggestions. This research was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research B (No. 18380033) and by Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists B (No. 19780036) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,

and was also supported by The Plant Science Education Unit, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Japan. “
“Phenotype-based PD0332991 manufacturer screening of bacterial metagenomic libraries provides an avenue for the discovery of novel genes, enzymes, and metabolites that have a variety of potential clinical and industrial uses. Here, we report the identification of a functionally diverse collection of antibacterially active enzymes from the phenotypic screening of 700 000 cosmid clones prepared from Arizona soil DNA and hosted in Ralstonia metallidurans. Environmental DNA clones surrounded by zones of growth inhibition in a bacterial overlay assay were found, through bioinformatics and functional analyses, to encode enzymes with predicted peptidase, lipase, and glycolytic Aldol condensation activities conferring antibiosis. The antibacterial activities observed in our R. metallidurans-based assay could not be replicated with the same clones in screens using Escherichia coli as a heterologous host, suggesting that the large-scale screening of metagenomic libraries for antibiosis

using phylogenetically diverse hosts should be a productive strategy for identifying enzymes with functionally diverse antibacterial activities. “
“Polyketides and nonribosomal peptides represent two large families of natural products (NPs) with diverse structures and important functions. They are synthesized by polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), respectively. Lysobacter enzymogenes is emerging as a novel biocontrol agent against pathogens of crop plants and a new source of bioactive NPs, such as antibacterial antibiotic WAP-8294A2 and antifungal antibiotic HSAF. Genome survey of strain OH11, a Chinese L. enzymogenes isolate, detected four novel PKS, NRPS or hybrid gene clusters, designed as cluster A to D.